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Interaction of influenza virus with commensal bacteria. (A) Influenza virus NA cleaves sialic acid from mucins allowing some of the pathogenic bacteria trapped in the URT to be released to the lungs and cause secondary infection. (B) Influenza virus NA cleaves the sialic acid from cell surface exposing the receptors that can be identified by pathogenic bacteria. (C) The commensal bacteria in the URT release matrix proteins, which trap viral particles and abolish viral infectivity rate.
