Table 1.
Predisposing factors, comorbidities, and health service use of the development and validation cohorts
| Characteristics, % or median (25th - 75th percentiles) |
Development cohort (n = 51,783) |
Validation cohort (n = 25,887) |
|---|---|---|
| Predisposing factors | ||
| Age, years | 84 (77 – 89) | 84 (78 – 89) |
| Men | 39.6 | 40.2 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 83.4 | 83.3 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 9.9 | 10.1 |
| Hispanic | 2.9 | 2.8 |
| Non-Hispanic other | 1.4 | 1.5 |
| Unknown | 2.4 | 2.3 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 30.5 | 31.1 |
| Widowed | 50.8 | 50.0 |
| Separated/divorced | 8.8 | 9.1 |
| Never married | 8.0 | 7.9 |
| Unknown | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Medicare and Medicaid dual enrollment | 19.1 | 19.1 |
| Need factors – comorbidities | ||
| Charlson index | 4 (3 – 5) | 4 (3 – 5) |
| Type of heart failure | ||
| Systolic | 39.5 | 39.7 |
| Diastolic | 35.3 | 35.3 |
| Unspecified | 25.2 | 24.9 |
| Hypertension | 79.5 | 79.5 |
| Coronary artery disease | 62.6 | 62.8 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 56.6 | 57.2 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7.2 | 6.9 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 11.1 | 11.1 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 43.2 | 43.4 |
| Diabetes | 39.7 | 39.9 |
| COPD or asthma | 34.0 | 33.8 |
| Anemia | 30.4 | 30.4 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 34.8 | 35.5 |
| Dementia | 18.8 | 18.6 |
| Depression | 24.6 | 24.6 |
| Pneumonia | 14.7 | 15.1 |
| Urinary tract infection | 12.1 | 12.6 |
| Need factors – health service use | ||
| Length of index hospital stay, days | 6 (4 – 9) | 6 (4 – 9) |
| Intensive care unit stay during index hospitalization | 38.0 | 38.0 |
| No. of hospitalizations for heart failure within 6 months before index hospitalization | ||
| 0 | 82.1 | 82.3 |
| 1 | 13.2 | 13.2 |
| ≥ 2 | 4.6 | 4.5 |
| No. of hospitalizations for other heart diseases within 6 months before index hospitalization | ||
| 0 | 92.0 | 92.1 |
| 1 | 7.1 | 7.0 |
| ≥ 2 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| No. of any hospitalizations within 6 months before index hospitalization | ||
| 0 | 56.9 | 57.6 |
| 1 | 25.8 | 25.6 |
| ≥ 2 | 17.3 | 16.8 |