Table 2.
Expression levels of Y RNA in various cancer types. Cancers are listed in alphabetical order according to the affected organ, irrespective of their histology, for which we refer the reader to the main text; KS means Kaposi’s sarcoma, a multi-organ cancer. The word ‘serum’ is used for short to indicate blood serum. An arrow pointing upward means overexpression; an arrow pointing downward means under-expression; a horizontal, double-headed arrow indicates no significant change; arrows between parentheses indicate weak evidence. N/A means that no data are available. Refs indicates bibliographic references, while ref gene indicates the gene(s) used for quantitative comparison. See the text for further details.
| Cancer | hY1 | hY3 | hY4 | hY5 | Refs | Sample Type | Sample Number | Control Number | Method | Ref Gene | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bladder | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | (↑) | [52] | cell cultures | 4 | 4 | qRT-PCR | Ki-67, HPRT1 | |
| ↑ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | 5 | 1 | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | ||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [69] | FFPE | 88 | 30 | qRT-PCR | SNORD43, RNU6-2 | ||
| blood | N/A | N/A | N/A | ↑ | [70] | K562 cells EV | N/A | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | 1 |
| (↑) | N/A | ↑ | N/A | [71] | plasma EV | N/A | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | 1 | |
| brain | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | [72] | cell culture EV, free RNP | N/A | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | |
| breast | ↑ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | 5 | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | |
| see text | see text | see text | see text | [73] | serum | 5 | 5 | RNA-seq | N/A | 2 | |
| N/A | N/A | ↑ | N/A | [74] | cell culture EV, free RNP | N/A | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | ||
| ↑ | N/A | ↑ | ↑ | [75] | cell lines | 26 | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | ||
| cervix | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [52] | cell cultures | 4 | 4 | qRT-PCR | Ki-67, HPRT1 | |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ↑ | [59] | HeLa cells | N/A | N/A | northern blotting | N/A | ||
| ↑ | (↑) | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | ||
| colon | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [52] | cell cultures | 8 | 4 | qRT-PCR | Ki-67, HPRT1 | |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ↑ | [59] | HeLa cells | N/A | N/A | northern blotting | N/A | ||
| ↑ | ↔ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | 7 | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | ||
| N/A | N/A | ↑ | N/A | [76] | PE | 96 | N/A | HTS | miR-128a-3p, miR-92a-3p, miR-151a-3p |
||
| esophagus | (↑) | ↔ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | |
| head/neck | see text | see text | see text | see text | [77] | serum | N/A | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | 2 |
| see text | see text | see text | see text | [78] | serum, tumor tissue | 5+2 | 5+2 | qRT-PCR | β2-microglobulin | 2 | |
| kidney | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [52] | cell cultures | 15 | 4 | qRT-PCR | Ki-67, HPRT1 | 3 |
| ↔ | ↔ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | ||
| ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | [79] | tissue, serum | 30+88 | 15+59 | qRT-PCR | SNORD43 | ||
| liver | ↑ | ↔ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | 3 | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | |
| lymphatic system | N/A | N/A | ↑ | N/A | [80] | fresh, cell lines | 20+5+44 | 5+19 | RNA-seq | N/A | |
| lung | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | [52] | cell cultures | 6 | 4 | qRT-PCR | Ki-67, HPRT1 | 1 |
| ↑ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | 6 | 4 | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | 1 | |
| N/A | N/A | ↑ | N/A | [81] | plasma EV, cell cultures | 44+31 | 17 | RNA-seq, qRT-PCR | U6 snRNA | ||
| ovary | ↑ | ↔ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | |
| pancreas | ↑ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | |
| prostate | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | (↑) | [52] | cell cultures | 5 | 4 | qRT-PCR | Ki-67, HPRT1 | |
| ↔ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | [62] | FFPE | N/A | N/A | (a) | hsa-miR-200b | ||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [82] | FFPE | 56 | 36+28 | qRT-PCR | SNORD43, RNU6-2 | ||
| skin | ↑ | (↑) | ↑ | ↑ | [83] | MML-1 cells | N/A | N/A | RNA-seq | N/A | 1 |
| ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | N/A | [84] | plasma EV | 118 | 99 | RNA-seq, ddPCR | N/A | 1 | |
| KS | ↑ | (↑) | ↑ | ↑ | [85] | plasma EV | 8+28 | 19 | RNA-seq | N/A | 1 |
| ↑ | N/A | ↑ | N/A | [86] | plasma EV | N/A | N/A | RNA-Seq | N/A | 1 |
Notes. FFPE are formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor cells from stored samples of various ages; PE are paraffin-embedded cells from fresh samples. qRT-PCR is quantitative Real Time PCR; HTS is high throughput sequencing. (a): the authors used simultaneously three methods (high throughput sequencing, microarray analysis and qRT-PCR) and compared the obtained results. 1: differences between EV and cancer cells; 2: differential up- and down-regulation (see text); 3: differences between blood serum and cells.