Effect of pterostilbene on RAGE, PI3K, Akt, and MDR1 expression in RAGE knockdown MIA PaCa-2 cells. Cells were transfected with 25 nM control siRNA or siRAGE for 24 h followed by 75 μM pterostilbene treatment for another 72 h. (A) The levels of MDR1, PI3K, Akt, and RAGE protein expression in RAGE knockdown MIA PaCa-2 cells were analyzed by western blotting. The relative expression levels of (B) RAGE, (C) PI3K, (D) p-PI3K, (E) Akt, (F) p-Akt, and (G) MDR1 in RAGE knockdown MIA PaCa-2 cells are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). p values were considered statistically significant when *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the untreated control. ††p < 0.01 and ‡‡p < 0.01 compared with pterostilbene-treated siRAGE cells.