Figure 2.

Genetic alterations in CRC in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and their influence on mRNA translation. CRC develops over a series of clearly defined stages that are characterized by specific changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, that in turn regulate diverse mechanisms involved in mRNA translation. Black lines with arrow: activating signal; black lines with T bar: inhibitory signal; violet dots: amino acids generating a polypeptide chain, yellow dot: phosphorylation; green dot: 7-methylguanosine cap of mRNA; TC: ternary complex; ISR: integrated stress response; RNA pol I-III: RNA polymerase I–III.