Table 1.

Examples of dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Clinical Samples Used	ncRNA	Genomic Location	Expression Level	Function	References
63 HCC tissues and corresponding adjacent healthy tissues [16]	HOTAIR	12q13.13	Up-regulated	Enhances EMT and tumorigenesis by interacting with EZH2 to downregulate miR-218 and by functioning as sponge for a number of microRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-23b-3p, miR-145, and miR-122	[16,17,18,19,20,21,22]
56 pairs of HCC and corresponding non-HCC tissues [27]	MALAT1	11q13.1	Up-regulated	Interacts with SRSF1 to activate mTOR signaling, increases TCF7L2 translation to promote glycolysis, sponges miR-195, miR-143-3p, and miR-146-5p to promote HCC and induce therapy resistance	[24,25,26,27,28,66]
46 HCC tissues, 4 FNH, 7 cirrhosis and 2 normal liver [29]	HULC	6p24.3	Up-regulated	Silences miR-9 to promote lipogenesis, silences EEF1E1, upregulates CLOCK and SIRT1, sponges a number of miRNAs, such as miR-2001-3p and miR-186	[29,30,31,32,33,34,35]
64 HCC tissues [36]	H19	11p15.5	Up-regulated	Sponges miR-193b to promote EMT and stem cell transformation	[36,37]
52 HCC needle biopsies and matched non-tumor tissue [39]	HOTTIP	7p15.2	Up-regulated	Stimulates transcription of Hox genes, upregulates GLS1	[39,40]
95 pairs of HCC and adjacent non-cancerrous liver [47]	NEAT1	11q13.1	Up-regulated	Facilitates HCC by sponging several miRNAs, such as miR-485, miR-204 and miR-139-5p	[45,46,48]
50 paired HCC and non-HCC samples [41]	HEIH	5q35.3	Up-regulated	Interacts with EZH2 to silence p16	[41]
56 pairs of HCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues [49]	TINCR	19p13.3	Up-regulated	Sponges miR-218-5p to upregulate Deadbox helicase 5 (DDX5) and activate AKT	[49]
48 HCC and matched adjacent non-malignant Tissues [50]	SNHG5	6q14.3	Up-regulated	Promotes HCC progression by sponging miR-26a-5p and modulating Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways	[50]
84 pairs of HCC and corresponding peritumor tissues [51]	HCAL	4q26	Up-regulated	Facilitates HCC by sponging miR-15a, miR-196a and miR-196b and upregulating Lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 β (LAPTM4B)	[51]
23 pairs of HCC and adjacent non-HCC samples [52]	MEG3	14q32.2	Down-regulated	Acts as tumor suppressor by interacting with p53 and sponging miR-664	[52,54,55,56]
50 HCC patient samples [57]	GAS5	1q25.1	Down-regulated	Sponges miRNAs and inhibits vimentin expression	[57,58,59]
30 paired HCC and matched normal tissues [61]	FENDRR	16q24.1	Down-regulated	Inhibits GPC3 by promoter methylation, sponges miR-423-5p to upregulate GADD45B	[61,62]
195 pairs of HCC and corresponding peri-tumor tissues [63]	DILC	13q34	Down-regulated	Interacts with IL-6 promoter to block IL-6/STAT3 signaling	[63]
170 human HCC Samples and adjacent tissues [64]	uc.134	3	Down-regulated	Interacts with Cullin 4A (CUL4A) to inhibit ubiquitination of Large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and silence Yes1 associated transcriptional repressor (YAP)	[64]
38 HCC samples and adjacent non-tumor tissue; 129 HCC samples [65]	lnc-FTX	Xq13.2	Down-regulated	Binds to replication factor Minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) to prevent DNA replication and sponges miR-374a activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling	[65]