Table 1.

Post-translational modifications of Rho GTPases.

PTMs	Rho GTPase	Regulator	Target Site	Effects	Refs
Phosphorylation	RhoA	PKA	S188	Increasing interaction with RhoGDI	[21,22]
				Decreases binding to ROCK effector
				Protection of RhoA from degradation
		PKG	S188	Translocation to the cytosol	[23]
				Protection of RhoA from degradation
		PKC	T127 and S188	Translocation to the plasma membrane	[24]
				Protection of RhoA from degradation
		c-Met	Tyr42	Proteasomal degradation	[25]
	Rac1	ERK	T108	RAC1 for translocation to the nucleus	[26]
		FAK	Y64	Inhibit RAC1 activity	[27]
		SRC	Y64	Inhibit RAC1 activity	[27]
		AKT	S71	Inhibits RAC1 activity	[28]
	Cdc42	SRC	Y64	Increasing interaction with RhoGDI	[29]
		PKA	S185	Increasing interaction with RhoGDI	[30]
Ubiquitination	RhoA	SMURF1	K6,K7 and K51	Proteasomal degradation	[31]
		SCF	K135	Proteasomal degradation in a ERK-dependent manner	[32]
		CUL3	ND	Proteasomal degradation of GDP-bound inactive RhoA	[33]
	Rac1	XIAP and clAP1	K147	Proteasomal degradation	[34]
		HACE1	K147	Targets GTP-bound, active RAC1 for degradation	[35]
		SCF	K166	Proteasomal degradation in a AKT-dependent manner	[36]
Transglutamination	RhoA	CNF1	E63	Constitutive activation	[37]
	Rac1	CNF1	E61	Constitutive activation	[37]
	Cdc42	CNF1	E61	Constitutive activation	[37]
AMPylation	RhoA	HYPE	T37	Suppress effector binding	[38]
	Rac1	HYPE	T35	Suppress effector binding	[38]
	Cdc42	HYPE	T35	Suppress effector binding	[38]
SUMOylation	Rac1	PIAS3	K183,K184,K186 and K188	Increased GTP binding and RAC1 activation	[39,40]