Table 1. Precentral Gyrus Cortical Volume, Cortical Surface Area, and Thickness Among Children Prenatally Exposed to Opioids and Nonexposed Children Clustered Among Families by Site From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Studya.
| Measure | ABCD variable name | Mean (SE) | Wald χ2 | P value | Cohen db | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed children (n = 144) | Nonexposed children (n = 11 389) | |||||
| Area, mm2 | ||||||
| Left | mrisdp_331 | 1816.75 (24.06) | 1877.84 (2.82) | 6.45 | .01 | 0.213 |
| Right | mrisdp_405 | 1812.48 (21.41) | 1874.78 (2.81) | 8.47 | .005 | 0.211 |
| Volume, mm3 | ||||||
| Left | mrisdp_482 | 7329.02 (88.51) | 7566.00 (9.85) | 7.17 | .008 | 0.223 |
| Right | mrisdp_556 | 7195.65 (88.32) | 7481.74 (9.50) | 10.49 | .001 | 0.271 |
| Thickness, mm | ||||||
| Left | mrisdp_29 | 2.99 (0.02) | 2.99 (0) | 0.04 | .84 | 0.039 |
| Right | mrisdp_103 | 2.95 (0.02) | 2.97 (0) | 0.73 | .39 | 0.053 |
| Total brain | ||||||
| Total area, mm2 | mrisdp_453 | 184 095.13 (1675.37) | 186 155.14 (166.10) | 1.51 | .22 | 0.112 |
| Total volume, mm3 | mrisdp_604 | 586 655.76 (4959.52) | 594 227.26 (518.8) | 2.33 | .13 | 0.088 |
a
Bootstrapping was used to calculate SEs (replications = 500) due to unbalanced sample size.
b
Effect sizes were calculated from means and SDs with applied sampling design and group sample sizes (α = .05).