Table 3. Associations Between Screening and Subsequent Specialist Visits, Diagnostic Tests, and Procedures by Low-Value Screening Test.
| Outcome | Outcome observation window, d | Exposure | Risk, % | RD (95% CI)a | RR (95% CI)a | AFe, %b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chest radiograph cohort (n = 21 766 matched pairs) | ||||||
| Outpatient pulmonology visit | 90 | Screened | 1.39 | 0.87 (0.69-1.05) | 2.67 (2.16-3.31) | 62.6 |
| Not screened | 0.52 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Bronchoscopy | 90 | Screened | 0.16 | 0.14 (0.08-0.19) | 8.50 (3.02-23.95) | 87.5 |
| Not screened | 0.02 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Abdominal or thoracic CT scan | 90 | Screened | 2.88 | 1.96 (1.71-2.22) | 3.14 (2.67-3.67) | 68.1 |
| Not screened | 0.92 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| ECG cohort (n = 122 843 matched pairs) | ||||||
| Outpatient cardiology visit | 90 | Screened | 2.70 | 1.92 (1.82-2.02) | 3.48 (3.24-3.74) | 71.1 |
| Not screened | 0.77 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| TTE | 90 | Screened | 7.12 | 5.49 (5.33-5.65) | 4.35 (4.15-4.57) | 77.1 |
| Not screened | 1.64 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Cardiac stress test | 90 | Screened | 5.84 | 4.46 (4.31-4.61) | 4.24 (4.02-4.46) | 76.4 |
| Not screened | 1.38 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Cardiac catheterization | 90 | Screened | 0.24 | 0.15 (0.12-0.18) | 2.64 (2.12-3.28) | 62.5 |
| Not screened | 0.09 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Papanicolaou test cohort (n = 14 597 matched pairs) | ||||||
| Outpatient gynecology visit | 180 | Screened | 5.07 | 1.31 (0.84-1.78) | 1.35 (1.21-1.50) | 25.8 |
| Not screened | 3.76 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Follow-up Papanicolaou test | 180 | Screened | 56.22 | 52.78 (51.92-53.63) | 16.35 (14.98-17.83) | 94.0 |
| Not screened | 3.44 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Colposcopy | 180 | Screened | 1.03 | 0.84 (0.66-1.01) | 5.36 (3.58-8.02) | 81.6 |
| Not screened | 0.19 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Abbreviations: AFe, attributable fraction among the exposed; CT, computed tomography; ECG, electrocardiogram; NA, not applicable; RD, risk difference; RR, relative risk; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram.
a
Risks (cumulative incidences expressed as percentages) were not rounded before calculating these values.
b
AFe, % = (RD/risk in No. screened) × 100. The value was calculated based on rounding the numerator and denominator values in this table. AFe was not reported if 95% CIs for RD contain the null value (ie, zero).