Table 1.

The role of main fungal genera in carcinogenesis process.

Fungal Genus	Mechanisms in Cancer Development	References
Candida	➢production of carcinogenic byproducts ➢triggering inflammation ➢induction of Th17 response ➢increase the proliferation and activation of MDSCs (mainly G-MDSCs) ➢metabolizing alcohol to carcinogenic ACH	[42,46,57,58]
Malassezia	➢activation of mast cells and stimulation realising of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6) via modulation of MAPK pathway ➢activation of MBL	[39,51,59]
Trichosporon	➢increasing the level of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and G-CSF	[38,60]

Th17—T helper type 17 cells; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDSCs—myeloid-derived suppressor cells; G-MDSCs—granulocytic subtype of MDSCs; ACH—acetaldehyde; IL-6—interleukin-6; MBL—mannose-binding lectin; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor α; IFN-γ—interferon γ; G-CSF—granulocyte-colony-stimulating factors.