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. 2020 May 19;18(5):267. doi: 10.3390/md18050267

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effect of CYC31 on palmitate-induced insulin resistance: CYC31 ameliorates insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes (A) and HepG2 cells (B). Palmitate stock solutions of 100 mM were prepared in 0.1 N NaOH. Before application to the cells, palmitate was conjugated to bovine serum albumin by diluting the palmitate solution with medium containing 1% (w/v) fatty acid-free BSA. Solutions were filter-sterilized before addition to the cells; 0.5 mM palmitate was used to induce insulin resistance in C2C12 and HepG2 cells. Briefly, cells were pre-incubated with CYC31 for 1 h, and then, CYC31-treated cells were exposed to 0.5 mM palmitate for 24 h and starved in FBS-free DMEM (containing compound and palmitate) for another 6 h. Then, cells were incubated with fresh DMEM containing 10 nM insulin for 5 min. The phosphorylation levels of IRβ, IRS1, and Akt and relative total proteins were determined by immunoblotting.