Table 1.
Structural and immunological properties of self-assembled protein supramolecular structures evaluated as vaccine candidates.
| Candidate | Scaffold | Assembling Motifs | Morphology | Diameter (nm) | Target | Epitope | Linker | Route | Immune Response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-3M2e | Nucleo-protein N | Coiled-like | 10 to 11-mer rings | 15 | Influenza A | (M2e)3 | EL | IN * | ↑ IgG (IgG1 and IgG2a) and IgA titers | [73] |
| Pfs25:IMX: Pfs28 | IMX313 | Coiled-coil | Heptameric spider-like rings | 10 | Malaria P. falciparum |
Pfs25 * Pfs28 * |
Snoop and Spy Tag/Catcher | IM * | ↑ IgG titers | [74] |
| P4c-Mal | SAP | Coiled-coil | Icosahedral nanoparticle | 25 | Malaria P. berghei |
(DPPPPNPN)2D | GSG | IP * | ↑ IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2) titers 100% PI *, Th1/Th2 response |
[75] |
| D123-ferritin | Ferritin | Coiled-coil | Octahedral cage | 20 | EBV * | gp350 | (SG3)2 | IM * | ↑ IgG titers, PI | [76] |
|
eOD-GT6
eOD-GT8 |
LS * | Coiled-coil | Icosahedral cage | 25–30 | HIV-1 | eOD * of gp120 | GS linker | IP * | ↑ IgG and IgM titers | [77,78] |
| CpG-gp-E2 | E2 | Coiled-coil | Dodecahedral cage | 30 | Cancer melanoma |
gp100 CpG |
Chemical crosslinkers | SC * | Activation of Ag-specific * TC cells, tumor growth delay | [79] |
| (NANP)3-Q11 | Q11 | Cross-β-sheet | Unbranched fibrils | 15 | Malaria P. falciparum |
3 x NANP from CSP | SGSG | SC * | ↑ IgG (T-cell-mediated) | [80] |
| E2EP3-I10 | I10 | Cross-β-sheet | Unbranched fibrils | 6–8 | Chikungunya virus | E2EP3 | GGGG | SC * | ↑ IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3) | [69] |
| PEP-C/PAD-C | Coil29 | Coiled-coil | Unbranched fibers | 6–10 | Glyoblastoma | PEPvIII, PADRE | SGSG | IP * | Efficient internalization by APCs, ↑ IgG (IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b) titers |
[56] |
| hFliC | FliC | Coiled-coil | Filaments | 35 | Dengue virus | DENV2 E | (GGGS)2 | IN * IP * |
↑ IgG (IgG1), IgA titers ↑ IgG, IgM titers, TD * and TI * responses |
[81] |
* LS, lumazine synthase; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; Pfs, plasmodium falciparum sporozoite; eOD-GT, engineered outer domain germline targeting; IN, intranasal; IM, intramuscular; IP, intraperitoneal; SC, subcutaneous; PI, protective immunity; nAbs, neutralizing antibodies; Ag, antigen; TD, T-cell dependent; TI, T-cell independent; ↑, increase.