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. 2020 May 18;9(5):386. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9050386

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion following peroral C. coli infection of human microbiota-associated TLR4-deficient IL10^-/- mice. IL10^-/- mice (open symbols) and TLR4-deficient IL10^-/- mice (TLR4^-/- IL10^-/-; closed symbols) with a human gut microbiota were either perorally infected with C. coli (circles) or received vehicle (mock; diamonds) on days 0 and 1 by gavage. (A) TNF and (B) IL-6 concentrations were quantified in serum samples taken upon necropsy on day 21 post-infection. Medians (black bars) and numbers of analyzed animals (in parentheses), in addition to significance levels (p-values) determined by the one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s post-correction or the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post-correction, are indicated. Definite outliers were removed after being identified by the Grubb’s test (α = 0.001). Data were pooled from three independent experiments.