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. 2020 May 20;12(5):1292. doi: 10.3390/cancers12051292

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Rho GTPases regulation. GTP bound and GDP bound Rho GTPases are illustrated as blue-purple and yellow-pink circles, respectively. Positive regulator guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) (green) and negative regulator GTPase-activating protein (GAP) (purple) are shown as pentagon structure between inactive and active forms of Rho GTPase. Active Rho GTPase interacts with different effector proteins (magenta). Rho-GDI (blue) keep GTPases in inactive form through their extraction from membranes. The upper image represents cycling of typical Rho GTPases and their interactions with surface receptors. The lower picture illustrates defective and fast-cycling Rho GTPases without GAP/GEF participation. Abbreviations: GTP, guanosine-5′-triphosphate; GDP, guanosine-5′-diphosphate; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GAP, GTPase activating protein; GDI, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor; ECM, extracellular matrix; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases.