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. 2020 May 23;23(6):101194. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101194

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This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Optogenetic Activation of Amygdala Facilitates Contralateral Saccades

(A) Injection site (left) and AAV2-CMV-ChR2-EYFP infections (right) in the amygdala (yellow: EYFP, blue: autofluorescence). Right-bottom shows EYFP expressions in a cell body of a CeA neuron.

(B) Effects of optical stimulation on amygdala neurons. Left: activity of a CeA neuron around the no-stimulation period (top) and the stimulation period (200 ms) (center). Changes in firing rate in the stimulation/no-stimulation conditions are shown at bottom. Right: activity of 18 amygdala neurons. Population activity is shown at top. Spike activity was smoothed with a Gaussian kernel (σ = 10 ms). The cyan bar shows mean stimulation durations, and the error bar shows SEM. Responses of individual neurons (bottom) were converted to color scale and sorted by modulation latencies. Dots indicate the end of optical stimulation. The duration of optical stimulation was about 200 ms, except for one neuron (400 ms).

(C) Directional bias of saccades by amygdala optical stimulation. In monkey S (upper), stimulation was in the left amygdala and saccades were biased to the right. In monkey D (lower), stimulation was in the right amygdala and saccades were biased to the left. Center: cumulative direction bias, which is aligned on the onset of optical stimulation. Right: polar plot showing ratio of saccades in radial directions in stimulation(+) versus stimulation(−) conditions (bin width = 30 deg). Values greater than 1 indicate more saccades in the stimulation(+) condition.

(D) Bias of the number of saccades during the stimulation to each amygdala neuron (right-tailed one-sample t test). The error bar shows SEM. Asterisk (∗) indicates statistically significant contrasts at p < 0.05.