Table 3.
Average number of missing items in the total Zung Depression scale and in its sub dimensions, for the total sample and according to the participants’ demographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics; the ATTICA epidemiological study
| Total | Affective Symptoms | Cognitive Symptoms | Somatic symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD1) | p-value2 | Mean (SD) | p-value2 | Mean (SD) | p-value2 | Mean (SD) | p-value2 | |
| Total sample | 7.97 (3.74) | 3.28 (1.63) | 1.85 (1.28) | 0.46 (0.97) | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 8.05 (3.71) | 0.245 | 3.28 (1.62) | 0.794 | 1.89 (1.27) | 0.134 | 0.48 (0.97) | 0.281 |
| Female | 7.86 (3.80) | 3.27 (1.64) | 1.80 (1.30) | 0.43 (0.97) | ||||
| Educational level3 | ||||||||
| No formal studies | 7.91 (3.69) | 0.351 | 3.32 (1.64) | 0.069 | 1.85 (1.27) | 0.112 | 0.57 (1.03) | 0.089 |
| Primary education | 7.52 (3.74) | 3.15 (1.68) | 1.68 (1.27) | 0.41 (0.91) | ||||
| Secondary education | 7.51 (3.94) | 3.13 (1.61) | 1.68 (1.32) | 0.39 (0.89) | ||||
| Higher education | 7.29 (3.73) | 2.96 (1.59) | 1.54 (1.40) | 0.22 (0.69) | ||||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Obesity4 | ||||||||
| Yes | 8.06 (3.87) | 0.515 | 3.28 (1.63) | 0.870 | 1.86 (1.30) | 0.840 | 0.52 (1.05) | 0.113 |
| No | 7.94 (3.72) | 3.26 (1.62) | 1.85 (1.28) | 0.44 (0.94) | ||||
| Diabetes Mellitus5 | ||||||||
| Yes | 8.33 (3.52) | 0.004 | 3.47 (1.59) | 0.002 | 1.97 (1.24) | 0.009 | 0.43 (0.91) | 0.564 |
| No | 7.64 (3.71) | 3.15 (1.63) | 1.75 (1.30) | 0.39 (0.84) | ||||
| Hypertension6 | ||||||||
| Yes | 8.10 (3.74) | 0.253 | 3.28 (1.63) | 0.943 | 1.91 (1.28) | 0.172 | 0.48 (0.98) | 0.451 |
| No | 7.91 (3.74) | 3.27 (1.62) | 1.83 (1.28) | 0.45 (0.96) | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia7 | ||||||||
| Desirable levels (< 200 mg/dL) | 7.74 (3.82) | 0.191 | 3.10 (1.62) | 0.001 | 1.77 (1.28) | 0.018 | 0.37 (0.88) | < 0.001 |
| Borderline levels (200–239 mg/dL) | 7.93 (3.82) | 3.19 (1.63) | 1.78 (1.31) | 0.45 (0.95) | ||||
| High levels (> 240 mg/dL) | 8.12 (3.65) | 3.42 (1.60) | 1.94 (1.27) | 0.62 (1.10) | ||||
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||||||||
| Type of lifestyle8 | ||||||||
| Unhealthy lifestyle | 7.73 (3.67) | 0.821 | 3.23 (1.63) | 0.518 | 1.79 (1.29) | 0.855 | 0.44 (0.93) | 0.351 |
| Healthy lifestyle | 7.66 (3.77) | 3.15 (1.63) | 1.78 (1.29) | 0.33 (0.88) | ||||
Notes: 1SD Standard Deviation. 2p-value is based on the Independent samples t-test when the categorical characteristic has two categories, and on the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) when the categorical characteristic has at least three categories. 3 Educational level is defined as follows: No formal studies = 0 years, Primary education≤6 years, Secondary education≤12 years, and Higher education> 12 years. 4Obesity was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 29.9 kg/m2. 5 Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting blood sugar > 125 mg/dl or the use of antidiabetic medication. 6 Patients whose average blood pressure levels were greater or equal to 140 / 90 mmHg or were under antihypertensive medication were classified as hypertensives. 7 The definition of hypercholesterolemia was based on the total serum cholesterol levels. 8 Healthy lifestyle = non- smokers and physically active participants, Unhealthy lifestyle = Either smokers, or physically inactive participants