Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to quintiles of diet quality index scores and dietary total antioxidant capacity (mg VCE/day) 1.
| HEI-2015 | AHEI-2010 | aMED | DASH | Energy-Adjusted TAC | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (n = 4759) |
Quintile 5 (n = 4759) |
Quintile 1 (n = 4759) |
Quintile 5 (n = 4759) |
Quintile 1 (n = 3028) |
Quintile 5 (n = 5057) |
Quintile 1 (n = 4556) |
Quintile 5 (n = 4660) |
Quintile 1 (n = 4759) |
Quintile 5 (n = 4759) |
|
| Range | 12.7–40.3 | 62.0–99.99 | 1.8–27.1 | 47.1–89.5 | 0–1 | 5–9 | 8–17 | 26–40 | 0.3–90.5 | 636.3–6163.1 |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Men | 2372 (49.2) | 2129 (43.6) | 2620 (56.6) | 2108 (42.6) | 1607 (52.0) | 2435 (47.2) | 2792 (62.8) | 1872 (39.6) | 2471 (50.2) | 2021 (41.6) |
| Women | 2387 (50.8) | 2630 (56.4) | 2139 (43.4) | 2651 (57.4) | 1421 (48.0) | 2622 (52.8) | 1764 (37.2) | 2788 (60.4) | 2288 (49.8) | 2738 (58.4) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 30–44 | 2042 (50.1) | 1124 (29.4) | 2189 (52.3) | 1202 (31.6) | 1264 (50.0) | 1473 (33.6) | 2377 (57.9) | 1039 (29.4) | 1950 (48.3) | 1398 (36.4) |
| 45–54 | 889 (22.2) | 751 (21.2) | 921 (22.3) | 855 (23.9) | 576 (22.3) | 911 (23.9) | 950 (22.9) | 688 (20.1) | 907 (23.0) | 884 (24.4) |
| 55–64 | 761 (14.2) | 893 (19.2) | 727 (13.2) | 903 (18.2) | 489 (13.4) | 918 (17.7) | 643 (11.9) | 879 (18.9) | 811 (15.2) | 873 (16.8) |
| 65–74 | 613 (8.2) | 1044 (17.8) | 526 (7.3) | 976 (15.9) | 391 (8.5) | 952 (15.3) | 376 (5.0) | 1083 (19.2) | 627 (8.4) | 824 (13.4) |
| 75–84 | 359 (4.4) | 737 (10.0) | 298 (3.9) | 653 (8.7) | 239 (4.9) | 638 (7.9) | 168 (1.8) | 745 (10.0) | 354 (4.1) | 597 (7.1) |
| ≥85 | 95 (0.9) | 210 (2.3) | 98 (0.9) | 170 (1.7) | 69 (1.0) | 165 (1.6) | 42 (0.4) | 226 (2.4) | 110 (1.1) | 183 (2.0) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 2143 (74.3) | 2515 (78.1) | 2031 (71.1) | 2512 (78.9) | 1349 (73.8) | 2702 (79.3) | 1852 (70.7) | 2714 (83.3) | 2034 (72.9) | 2731 (79.9) |
| Black | 1461 (13.4) | 819 (7.7) | 1549 (14.8) | 794 (7.6) | 905 (13.3) | 935 (8.2) | 1582 (15.7) | 697 (6.4) | 1456 (14.4) | 968 (8.5) |
| Hispanic | 1059 (9.0) | 1297 (10.1) | 1077 (9.9) | 1295 (8.5) | 713 (9.2) | 1258 (8.1) | 1006 (9.3) | 1141 (7.1) | 1171 (9.4) | 902 (6.0) |
| Other | 96 (3.3) | 128 (4.0) | 102 (4.2) | 158 (5.0) | 61 (3.7) | 162 (4.4) | 116 (4.2) | 108 (3.3) | 98 (3.3) | 158 (5.5) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 2931 (66.4) | 3152 (71.4) | 2950 (67.1) | 3189 (72.3) | 1883 (66.8) | 3462 (72.7) | 2922 (68.4) | 3076 (71.5)2 | 2982 (65.9) | 3084 (71.2) |
| Unmarried | 1753 (33.6) | 1547 (28.6) | 1724 (32.9) | 1508 (27.7) | 1103 (33.2) | 1514 (27.3) | 1560 (31.6) | 1524 (28.5)2 | 1711 (34.1) | 1602 (28.8) |
| PIR | ||||||||||
| <1.3 | 1433 (22.4) | 970 (12.4) | 1418 (22.6) | 953 (11.3) | 961 (23.9) | 893 (11.1) | 1397 (23.9) | 916 (11.4) | 1486 (22.9) | 983 (14.1) |
| 1.3–<1.85 | 621 (11.0) | 520 (8.0) | 612 (10.9) | 487 (7.5) | 425 (11.8) | 520 (7.2) | 573 (10.4) | 467 (7.1) | 616 (11.3) | 540 (8.0) |
| ≥1.85 | 2309 (66.6) | 2855 (79.7) | 2344 (66.5) | 2919 (81.2) | 1375 (64.2) | 3257 (81.8) | 2240 (65.7) | 2862 (81.5) | 2256 (65.7) | 2867 (77.8) |
| Physical activity 3 | ||||||||||
| Sufficient | 1612 (37.5) | 2291 (54.9) | 1634 (38.0) | 2285 (54.5) | 1001 (37.4) | 2480 (56.9) | 1510 (36.7) | 2310 (57.3) | 1583 (37.9) | 2041 (47.5) |
| Insufficient | 3147 (62.5) | 2466 (45.1) | 3125 (62.0) | 2473 (45.5) | 2027 (62.6) | 2576 (43.1) | 3046 (63.3) | 2348 (42.7) | 3176 (62.1) | 2718 (52.5) |
| Smoking 4 | ||||||||||
| Never and former (quit ≥3 years) |
2941 (60.3) | 4082 (85.5) | 2885 (58.7) | 3937 (82.6) | 1715 (53.1) | 4222 (83.5) | 2502 (53.4) | 4058 (86.5) | 2939 (59.6) | 3818 (78.5) |
| Former (quit <3 years) | 187 (4.3) | 145 (3.4) | 194 (4.4) | 160 (3.3) | 125 (5.2) | 173 (3.8) | 216 (5.2) | 127 (3.4) | 181 (4.2) | 134 (2.9) |
| Current | 1613 (35.4) | 519 (11.1) | 1664 (36.9) | 644 (14.1) | 1180 (41.6) | 646 (12.8) | 1823 (41.4) | 455 (10.1) | 1619 (36.2) | 789 (18.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 0.2 a | 27.2 ± 0.1 b | 28.2 ± 0.2 a | 27.3 ± 0.1 b | 28.4 ± 0.2 a | 27.2 ± 0.1 b | 28.6 ± 0.2 a | 27.0 ± 0.1 b | 28.7 ± 0.2 a | 27.7 ± 0.1 b |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2082.8 ± 20.2 a | 1957.2 ± 18.0 b | 2237.7 ± 18.5 a | 1978.7 ± 18.0 b | 1960.9 ± 25.3 a | 2189.3 ± 17.2 b | 2425.5 ± 18.8 a | 1942.7 ± 16.5 b | 2001.6 ± 21.1 | 1968.7 ± 18.5 |
| History of diabetes | 446 (7.1) | 772 (12.1) | 414 (6.1) | 741 (11.8) | 319 (7.3) | 643 (9.6)2 | 330 (5.7) | 721 (11.2) | 479 (8.1) | 569 (8.7) 2 |
| History of CVDs | 454 (8.0) | 576 (9.3) | 416 (7.5) | 518 (9.1) 2 | 296 (8.3) | 512 (7.9) 2 | 316 (6.3) | 575 (9.9) | 490 (8.5) | 519 (7.9) 2 |
| History of hypertension | 1539 (29.3) | 1806 (34.2) | 1498 (28.7) | 1722 (32.0) | 965 (28.0) | 1792 (31.9) | 1305 (26.9) | 1791 (33.8) | 1578 (30.4) | 1719 (31.9) 2 |
AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet; BMI, body mass index; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index-2015; PIR, poverty-income ratio; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; VCE, vitamin C equivalents. 1 All values are presented as means ± SE or n (%) and were statistically different according to quintiles (p < 0.05) unless noted otherwise. Log-transformed values were used for statistical tests of continuous variables. Different superscript letters (a,b) indicate significant differences according to quintiles by Tukey-Kramer test (p < 0.05). 2 Not statistically significant. 3 “Sufficient,” performed moderate activity for five or more times per week or vigorous activities per three or more times per week. 4 “Never,” never smoked cigarettes or smoked less than 100 cigarettes in an entire lifetime; “former,” smoked at least 100 cigarettes in an entire lifetime but not a current smoker; “current,” smoked at least 100 cigarettes in an entire lifetime and a current smoker.