Table 2.

Classification of vertebrate species that have been reported with neoplasia

Class	Order	Family	Species	Common name
Mammalia	Artiodactyla	Monodontidae	Delphinapterus leucas	Beluga whale	[1, 4–8]
			Monodon monoceros	Narwhal	[4, 6]
		Physeteridae	Physeter macrocephalus	Sperm whale	[4, 6]
		Phocoenidae	Phocoena spinipinnis	Burmeister’s porpoise	[4, 6]
			Phocoena phocoena	Harbor porpoise	[4, 6, 7]
			Neophocaena phocaenoides	Finless porpoise	[4]
			Mirounga angustirostris	Northern elephant seal	[4, 7]
			Mirounga leonina	Southern elephant seal	[4]
		Balaenopteridae	Balaenoptera physalis	Fin whale	[4, 7]
			Balaenoptera borealis	Sei whale	[4]
			Balaenoptera musculus	Blue whale	[4, 7]
			Megaptera novaeangliae	Humpback whale	[4]
		Balaenidae	Balaena mysticetus	Bowhead whale	[4]
		Ziphiidae	Mesoplodon densirostris	Blainsvilles beaked whale	[4]
		Kogiidae	Kogia breviceps	Pygmy sperm whale	[4]
Mammalia	Artiodactyla	Delphinidae	Delphinus delphis	Common dolphin	[4, 7]
			Lagenorhynchus obscurus	Dusky dolphin	[4, 6]
			Lagenorhynchus acutus	Atlantic white-sided dolphin	[4, 6]
			Lagenorhynchus obliquidens	Pacific white-sided dolphin	[4, 7]
			Tursiops truncatus	Bottlenose dolphin	[4, 6–8]
			Stenella coeruleoalba	Striped dolphin	[4]
			Stenella attenuata	Pantropical spotted dolphin	[4, 7]
			Stenella frontalis	Atlantic spotted dolphin	[4]
			Globicephala melaena	Pilot whale	[4]
			Globicephala macrorhyncus	Short finned pilot whale	[7]
		Iniidae	Inia geoffrensis	Amazon river dolphin	[4, 7]
			Orcinus orca	Killer whale	[4, 6, 7]
		Hippopotamidae	Hippopotamus amphibius	Hippopotamus	[34]
			Choeropsis liberiensis	Pygmy hippopotamus	[34]
		Giraffidae	Giraffa camelopardalis	Giraffe	[8]
Mammalia	Artiodactyla	Cervidae	Odocoileus virginianus	White-tailed deer	[8, 35]
			Dama dama	Fallow deer	[8]
			Capreolus capreolus	Roe deer	[7, 8]
			Elaphurus davidianus	Pere David’s deer	[7]
		Bovidae	Bubalus arnee	Wild water buffalo	[8]
			Capra nubiana	Nubian ibex	[7]
			Ovis canadensis	Bighorn sheep	[8]
		Camelidae	Camelus dromedaries	Arabian camel	[7]
			Lama glama	Llama	[36]
	Perissodactyla	Equidae	Equus zebra	Zebra	[8]
	Carnivora	Otariidae	Zalophus californianus	Sea lion	[4–8]
			Eumetopias jubatus	Steller sea lion	[4]
			Callorhinus ursinus	Fur seal	[4]
			Arctocephalus pusillus	Brown fur seal	[4]
			Arctocephalus australis	South American fur seal	[4]
Mammalia	Carnivora	Phocidae	Halichoerus grypus	Gray seal	[4]
			Phoca vitulina geronimensis	Harbor seal	[4]
			Phoca hispida	Ringed seal	[4]
			Pagophilus groenlandicus	Harp seal	[4]
		Obodenidae	Odobenus rosmarus	Walrus	[4]
		Ursidae	Ursus maritimus	Bear	[4]
			Helarctos malayanus	Sun bear	[37]
		Canidae	Canis lupus	Wolf	[6, 8]
			Canis lupus baileyi	Mexican gray wolf	[8, 38]
			Canis latrans	Coyote	[7, 8, 39]
			Vulpes vulpes	Red fox	[7]
			Urocyon littoralis	Island fox	[5–8]
		Felidae	Panthera leo	Lion	[7, 40–42]
			Panthera tigris	Tiger	[7, 40–42]
			Panthera pardus	Leopard	[40–42]
Mammalia	Carnivora	Felidae	Panthera pardus japonensis	Chinese-leopard	[41]
			Panthera pardus nimr	Arabian leopard	[43]
			Panthera onca	Jaguar	[8, 40, 42]
			Panthera uncia	Snow leopard	[5, 7, 41, 42]
			Puma concolor	Cougar	[40, 41]
			Acinonyx jubatus	Cheetah	[40, 44]
			Lynx rufus	Bobcat	[40, 42, 45]
			Felis canadensis	Canada lynx	[40]
		Mustelidae	Enhydra lutris	Sea otter	[4]
		Procyonidae	Procyon lotor	Raccoon	[8]
		Herpestidae	Herpestes javanicus	Javan mongoose	[46]
			Suricata suricatta	Meerkat	[7]
		Tupaiidae	Tupaia belangeri	Northern Treeshrew	[47]
		Viverridae	Arctictis binturong	Binturong (Bearcat)	[7]
	Eulipotyphla	Erinaceidae	Atelerix albiventris	Four-toed hedgehog	[7, 37]
Mammalia	Primates	Hominidae	Homo sapiens sapiens	Human
			Pan troglodytes	Common chimpanzee	[11, 48]
			Pan paniscus	Bonobo	[11, 48]
			Pongo pygmaeus	Bornean orangutan	[13, 47, 48]
			Gorilla gorilla	Gorilla	[36, 48]
			Gorilla beringei	Eastern gorilla	[4]
		Cercopithecidae	Chlorocebus aethiops sobaeus	Green monkey	[14]
			Cercocebus atys	Sooty mangabey	[47]
			Trachypithecus obscurus	Dusky leaf monkey	[47]
			Macaca mulatta	Macaque	[48–50]
			Macaca fascicularis	Long-tailed macaque	[47, 50]
			Macaca fuscata	Japanese macaque	[47]
			Macaca arctoides	Stump-tailed macaque	[47]
			Macaca maura	Moor macaque	[47]
			Macaca sinica	Toque macaque	[47]
Mammalia	Primates	Cercopithecidae	Papio spp.	Baboon	[12, 47, 51]
			Papio hamadryas	Hamandryas baboon	[47, 48, 52]
		Atelidae	Ateles paniscus	Black spider monkey	[47]
		Galagidae	Otolemur garnetti	Northern greater galago	[25]
		Cebidae	Saimiri sciureus	Common squirrel monkey	[47, 50]
			Sapajus apella	Tufted capuchin	[47]
		Callitrichidae	Callithrix jacchus	Common marmoset	[47]
			Saguinus fuscicollis	Brown-mantled tamarin	[47, 48]
			Saguinus oedipus	Cotton-top tamarin	[13]
			Saguinus fuscicollis ssp. leucogenys	Andean Saddle-back Tamarin	[47]
		Lemuridae	Lemur catta	Ring-tailed lemur	[53]
		Aotidae	Aotus trivirgatus	Three-striped night monkey	[53]
		Hylobatidae	Hylobater lar	Lar gibbon	[13]
		Daubentoniidae	Daubentonia madagascariensis	Aye–Aye	[53]
	Dasyuromorphia	Dasyuridae	Dasyuroides byrnei	Kowari	[37]
Mammalia	Dasyuromorphia	Dasyuridae	Dasyurus viverrinus	Eastern quoll	[37]
			Dasyurus maculatus	Tiger quoll	[37]
			Dasyurus hallucatus	Northern quoll	[37]
			Sarcophilus harisii	Tasmanian devil	[6–8, 15, 17]
	Monotremata	Trachyglossidae	Tachyglossus aculeatus	Short-beaked echidna	[54]
	Peramelemorphia	Peramelidae	Perameles bougainville	W. barred bandicoot	[5, 6, 8]
	Didelphimorphia	Didelphidae	Didelphis virginiana	Virginia opossum	[7]
			Monodelphis domestica	Gray short-tailed opossum	[15, 25]
	Diprotodontia	Phascolarctidae	Phascolarctos cinereus	Koala	[8, 55]
	Proboscidea	Elephantidae	Elephas maximus	Asian elephant	[7, 25]
			Loxodonta africana	African elephant	[1, 7, 25]
	Perissodactyla	Rhinoceratoidae	Diceros bicornis	Black rhinoceros	[7, 8]
			Ceratotherium simum	White rhinoceros	[8]
		Tapiridae	Tapirus sp.	Tapir	[8]
	Sirenia	Trichechidae	Tricherus manatus	Manatee	[4, 6, 8]
Mammalia	Rodentia	Sciuridae	Marmota monax	Groundhog	[6, 7]
			Spermophilus richardsonii	Richardson’s ground squirrel	[37]
		Echimyidae	Myocastor coypus	Coypu	[7]
	Lagomorpha	Leporidae	Sylvilagus spp	Cottontail rabbit	[7]
			Lepus townsendii	White-tailed jackrabbit	[7]
	Chiroptera	Pteropodidae	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Egyptian fruit bat	[56, 57]
		Vespertilionidae	Antrozous pallidus	Pallid bat	[57]
		Phyllostomidae	Carollia perspicillata	Seba’s short bat	[57]
Aves	Galliformes	Phasianidae	Tympanuchus cupido attwateri	Attwater’s prairie chicken	[6]
			Lophura rufa	Vieilott’s fireback pheasant	[58]
			Phasianus colchicus	Common pheasant	[8]
	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Amazona amazonica	Orange-winged parrot	[18]
			Ara ararauna	Blue-yellow macaw	[18]
			Ara chloropterus	Red-green macaw	[18]
Aves	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Psittacus erithacus	Grey parrot	[18]
			Agapornis sp.	Lovebird	[18]
			Aratinga solstitialis	Sun conure	[18]
			Aratinga nenday	Nanday conure	[18]
			Forpus coelestris	Pacific parrotlet	[18]
			Brotogeris pyrrhoptera	Grey-cheeked parakeet	[18]
		Cacatuidae	Nymphicus hollandicus	Cockatiel	[18]
			Cacatua moluccensis	Moluccan cockatoo	[18]
		Psittaculidae	Trichoglossus moluccanus	Rainbow lorikeet	[18]
			Melopsittacus undulatus	Budgerigar	[18, 59]
			Eclectus roratus	Eclectus parrot	[18]
			Psittacula krameri	Rose-ringed parakeet	[60]
	Passeriformes	Estrildidae	Erythrura gouldiae	Lady gouldian finch	[18]
		Cardinalidae	Cardinalis cardinalis	Northern cardinal	[18]
Aves	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Anas castanea	Chestnut teal	[18]
			Alopochen aegyptiaca	Egyptian goose	[18]
	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Ninox strenua	Powerful owl	[18]
			Megascops sp.	Screech owl	[18]
			Bubo virginianus	Great horned owl	[18, 61]
			Bubo scandiacus	Snowy owl	[18]
			Strix varia	Barred owl	[18]
	Falconiformes	Falconidae	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine falcon	[18]
			Falco sparverinus	American kestrel	[18]
	Sphenischiformes	Sphenischidae	Spheniscus demersus	African penguin	[62]
			Spheniscus humboldti	Humboldt penguin	[18]
	Procellariiformes	Procellariidae	Fulmarus glacialis	Northern fulmar	[8]
	Rheiformes	Rheidae	Rhea americana araneipes	Greater rhea	[63]
	Phoenicopterifromes	Phoenicopteridae	Phoenicopterus ruber	American flamingo	[64]
Reptilia	Testudines	Cheloniidae	Chelonia mydas	Green sea turtle	[6, 8]
			Dermochelys coriacea	Leatherback sea turtle	[6]
			Lepidochelys kempii	Kemp’s ridley sea turtle	[6]
			Eretmochelys imbricata	Hawksbill sea turtle	[6]
			Caretta caretta	Loggerhead sea turtle	[19]
		Geoemydidae	Cuora flavomarginata	Chinese box turtle	[65]
			Melanochelys trijuga	Indian black turtle	[20]
		Testudinidae	Testudo hermanni	Hermann’s tortoise	[19]
			Geochelone platynota	Burmese star tortoise	[19]
		Emydidae	Pseudemys concinna	River cooter	[20]
		Trionychidae	Apalone spinifera spinifera	Spiny soft shell turtle	[20]
			Apalone ferox	Florida shoftshell turtle	[19]
		Pelomedusidae	Pelusios subniger	African mud turtle	[20]
		Chelidae	Chelodina longicollis	Common snake-necked turtle	[20]
			Chelodina oblonga	Northern snake-necked turtle	[20]
Reptilia	Squamata	Scincidae	Corucia zebrata	Solomon island skink	[20]
			Eugongylus albofasciolatus	Solomon island ground skink	[20]
			Eumeces fasciatus	Five-lined skink	[20]
			Plestiodon laticeps	Broad-headed skink	[20]
			Tiliqua rugosa	Shingleback skink	[20]
		Cordylidae	Cordylus warreni	Warren’s girdle lizard	[20]
		Anguidae	Pseudopus apodus	European legless lizard	[20]
		Shinisauridae	Shinisaurus crocodilurus	Crocodile lizard	[20]
		Eublepharidae	Eublepharis macularius	Leopard gkeko	[20]
		Helodermatidae	Heloderma horridum	Mexican beaded lizard	[20]
			Heloderma suspectum	Gila monster	[20]
		Agamidae	Pogona vitticeps	Bearded dragon	[21]
			Hydrosaurus amboinensis	East Indian water lizard	[19]
		Iguanidae	Iguana iguana	Green iguana	[19, 20]
			Ctenosaura pectinata	Mexican spiny-tailed iguana	[20]
Reptilia	Squamata	Varanidae	Varanus exanthematicus	Savannah monitor	[19]
			Varanus timorensis	Spotted tree monitor	[13]
		Viperidae	Vipera xanthina	Ottoman viper	[66]
			Macrovipera lebetina	Lebetine viper	[20]
			Bitis gabonica	Gaboon viper	[66]
			Bitis nasicornis	Rhinoceros viper	[20]
			Bitis gabonica rhinoceros	West African gaboon viper	[20]
			Bothrops alternatus	Urutu	[66]
			Sistrurus miliarius miliarius	Pygmy rattlesnake	[20]
			Crotalus horridus	Timber rattlesnake	[66]
			Crotalus adamanteus	Eastern diamondback rattlesnake	[20]
			Crotalus lepidus	Rock rattlesnake	[20]
			Crotalus atrox	Western diamondback rattlesnake	[66]
			Crotalus scutulatus	Mojave rattlesnake	[66]
			Crotalus simus	Yucatan neotropical rattlesnake	[66]
Reptilia	Squamata	Viperidae	Antheris sp.	Bush viper	[66]
			Bothriechis lateralis	Side-striped viper	[66]
			Agkistrodon piscivorus	Cottonmouth	[20, 66]
			Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus	Broad-banded copperhead	[66]
			Agkistrodon contortrix	Copperhead	[66]
		Colubridae	Pantherophis guttacus	Corn snake	[20, 21, 66]
			Elaphe (Pantherophis) obsoleta	Black rat snake	[20, 66]
			Pantherophis bairdi	Baird’s ratsnake	[20]
			Pituophis melanoleucus	Pine snake	[20, 66]
			Pituophis deppei	Mexican bull snake	[20]
			Pituophis catenifer sayi	Bull snake	[20]
			Coluber constrictor	Black racer	[20, 66]
			Lampropeltis elapsoides	Scarlet kingsnake	[20, 66]
			Lampropeltis calligaster	Yellow-bellied kingsnake	[66]
Reptilia	Squamata	Colubridae	Lampropeltis getula	Kingsnake	[19–21]
			Heterodon kennerlyi	Mexican hognose snake	[66]
			Heterodon platirhinos	Eastern hognose snake	[20]
			Drymarchon couperi	Eastern indigo snake	[66]
			Thamnophis sauritus	Ribbon snake	[21]
			Thamnophis radix	Plains garter snake	[20]
			Thamnophis sirtalis	Common garter snake	[21]
			Clelia clelia	Mussurana	[20]
			Gonyosoma oxycephalum	Arboreal ratsnake	[20]
			Natrix natrix	Grass snake	[21]
		Boidae	Boa constrictor	Common boa	[21]
			Corallus hortulanus	Amazon tree boa	[66]
			Eunectes murinus	Common anaconda	[19]
			Eunectes notaeus	Yellow anaconda	[20]
Reptilia	Squamata	Boidae	Epicrates cenchria	Rainbow boa	[20]
			Epicrates chrysogaster	Turks island boa	[20]
			Candoia bibroni	Pacific tree boa	[20]
			Lichanura trivirgata	Rosy boa	[20]
			Chilabothrus subflavus	Jamaican boa	[21]
		Elapidae	Pseudechis australis	King brown snake	[66]
			Aspidelaps scutatus	Shield-nosed cobra	[66]
			Dendroaspis polylepis	Black mamba	[66]
			Naja haje	Egyptian cobra	[66]
			Naja melanoleuca	Forest cobra	[20]
			Naja nivea	Cape cobra	[20]
		Pythonidae	Morelia spilota	Carpet python	[21, 66]
			Python regius	Ball python	[20]
			Bothrochilus albertisii	D’albertis python	[20]
Reptilia	Squamata	Pythonidae	Aspidites melanocephalus	Black-headed python	[21]
		Loxocemidae	Loxocemus bicolor	Mexican python	[20]
		Lamprophiidae	Boaedon fuliginosus	African house snake	[21]
	Crocodilia	Crocodilidae	Crocodylus porosus	Saltwater crocodile	[67]
			Crocodylus niloticus	Nile crocodile	[67]
			Crocodylus acutus	American crocodile	[67]
			Crocodylus siamensis	Siamese crocodile	[67]
		Alligatoridae	Alligator mississippiensis	American alligator	[67]
Amphibia	Anura	Ranidae	Rana pipiens	Northern leopard frog	[6]
		Hylidae	Trachycephalus resinifictrix	Golden-eye tree frog	[6, 68]
	Caudata	Salamandridae	Triturus cristatus	N. crested newt	[32]
Actinopterygii	Salmoniformes	Salmonidae	Salmo salar	Salmon	[6, 8]
			Salvelinus fontinalis	Brook trout	[69]
			Salvelinus namaycush	Lake trout	[69]
Actinopterygii	Salmoniformes	Salmonidae	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha	Chinook salmon	[69]
			Oncorhynchus keta	Chum salmon	[69]
			Oncorhynchus masou	Masu salmon	[69]
	Pleuronectiformes	Pleuronectidae	Parophrys vetulus	English sole	[6]
	Anguilliformes	Anguillidae	Anguilla japonica	Japanese eel	[6]
	Gadiformes	Gadidae	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	Haddock	[69]
	Scorpaeniformes	Sebastidae	Sebastolobus alascanus	Shortspine thornyhead	[69]
	Perciformes	Percidae	Sander vitreus	Walleye	[6]
		Sciaenidae	Micropogonias furnieri	Whitemouth croaker	[69]
		Labridae	Tautogolabrus adspersus	Cunner	[69]
		Sparidae	Sparus aurata	Gilthead seabream	[69]
			Acanthopagrus bifasciatus	Twobar seabream	[69]
		Cichlidae	Pterophyllum scalare	Freshwater angelfish	[69]
			Cichla monoculus	Peacock bass	[69]
Actinopterygii	Siluriformes	Ictaluridae	Ictalurus punctatus	Channel catfish	[6, 69]
			Ameiurus melas	Black bullhead	[69]
			Ameiurus nebulosus	Brown bullhead	[69]
	Cypriniformes	Catostomidae	Catostomus commersonii	White sucker	[6]
	Cyprinodontiformes	Cyprinodontidae	Cyprinodon variegatus	Sheepshead minnow	[69]
			Cyprinus caprio caprio	Common carp	[69]
		Poeciliidae	Xiphophorus variatus	Variatus platy	[70]
Chondrichthyes	Lamniformes	Odontaspididae	Carcharias taurus	Tiger shark	[69–71]
		Lamnidae	Carcharodon carcharias	White shark	[10]
	Carcharhiniformes	Carcharhinidae	Prionace glauca	Blue shark	[69–72]
			Carcharhinus leucas	Bull shark	[70]
			Carcharhinus limbatus	Blacktip shark	[70, 71]
			Carcharhinus brachyurus	Cooper shark	[10]
		Sphyrnidae	Sphyrna tiburo	Bonnethead	[71]
Chondrichthyes	Lamniformes	Triakidae	Mustelus canis	Dusky smooth-hound	[70]
		Scyliorhinidae	Scyliorhinus canicula	Lesser spotted shark	[69, 70]
	Orectolobiformes	Hemiscylliidae	Chiloscyllium plagiosum	Whitespotted bamboo shark	[9]
		Ginglymostomatidae	Ginglymostoma cirratum	Nurse shark	[70, 71]
			Nebrius ferrugineus	Tawny nurse shark	[70]
		Stegostomatidae	Stegostoma fasciatum	Zebra shark	[7, 70]
	Squaliformes	Squalidae	Squalus acanthias	Spiny dogfish	[71]
	Rajifomes	Rajidae	Raja clavata	Thornback ray	[69, 70, 72]
			Raja batis	Common skate	[70]
	Myliobatiformes	Urotrygonidae	Urobatis halleri	Round stingray	[72]
		Potamotrygonidae	Potamotrygon motoro	Ocellate river stringray	[71]