Table 1.
Characteristics, anthropometry, time spent in sedentary behavior and physical activity intensity, and metabolic markers, by clusters.
| Variables | Cluster 1 (n = 100) | Cluster 2 (n = 294) | Cluster 3 (n = 73) | P(ANCOVA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of sample and anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Age (years) | 13.2 ± 0.84(a) | 10.2 ± 2.24(b) | 11 ± 2.2(a) | 0.027 |
| Height (cm) | 151 ± 12 | 140 ± 14 | 149 ± 14 | 0.355 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.8 ± 19(a) | 47.1 ± 17.8(b) | 54.4 ± 20(ab) | 0.074 |
| BMI Z-score | 2.15 ± 1.65(a) | 1.75 ± 1.84(b) | 1.70 ± 1.68(ab) | 0.094 |
| Normal-weight (n) | 20 (19.6%) | 90 (30.3%) | 22 (31.2%) | 0.144 † |
| Over-weight (n) | 25 (24.5 %) | 61 (20.%) | 21 (27.3%) | |
| Obesity (n) | 55 (55.9 %) | 143 (49.4%) | 30 (41.6%) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112.3 ± 14.5(a) | 108 ± 13.1(b) | 108.8 ± 13.9(ac) | 0.048 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 67.1 ± 10.2(a) | 65.6 ± 8.9(ab) | 63.9 ±9.9(b) | 0.113 |
| WC (cm) | 85.1 ± 16.1(a) | 77.1 ± 15.8(b) | 80.5± 17.1(ab) | 0.393 |
| Time spent in sedentary behavior and physical activity by intensity (minutes/day) | ||||
| Accelerometer wear time on hip (days) | 4.72 ± 0.80 | 4.75 ± 0.69 | 4.63 ± 0.74 | 0.486 |
| Sedentary behavior | 546.5 ± 62.3(a) | 439 ± 58.9(b) | 433.5 ± 78.5(bc) | <0.001 |
| Light PA | 213.3 ± 56(a) | 260.2 ± 53.1(b) | 246.7 ± 73.9(bc) | <0.001 |
| Moderate PA | 30.3 ± 11.2(a) | 36.4 ± 11.4(b) | 52.2 ± 15.8(c) | <0.001 |
| Vigorous PA | 10.1 ± 7.5(a) | 12.4 ± 6.8(ac) | 33.5 ± 20.4(b) | <0.001 |
| MVPA | 40.4 ± 17.2(a) | 48.8 ± 16.1(b) | 85.7 ± 25.3(c) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic markers | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.48 ± 7.94 | 85.75 ± 7.35 | 86.14 ± 7.86 | 0.983 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 15.17 ± 9.4(a) | 10.58 ± 9(b) | 11.02 ± 7.64(b) | 0.016 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.27 ± 2.08(a) | 2.28 ± 2(b) | 2.38 ± 1.69(b) | 0.020 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 164.81 ± 32.59 | 164.21 ± 28.14 | 160.84 ± 23.58 | 0.751 |
| TAG (mg/dL) | 78.63 ± 34.55(a) | 68.60 ± 33.36(b) | 65.82 ± 38.69(b) | 0.001 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 49.66 ± 13.01 | 53.63 ± 15.24 | 53 ± 13.97 | 0.103 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 97.39 ± 29.02 | 94.71 ± 25.98 | 90.85 ± 21.08 | 0.263 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 29 ± 9.33 | 30.46 ± 7.95 | 30.54 ± 7.46 | 0.313 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.58 ± 0.10 | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.13 | 0.601 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 4.8 ± 1.09(a) | 4.37 ± 1.12(b) | 4.63 ± 1(ab) | 0.004 |
| Iron (ug/dL) | 82.28 ± 32.26 | 81.52 ± 33.25 | 85.89 ± 30.27 | 0.596 |
| Ferritin (ng) | 50.59 ± 25.60 | 55.33 ± 40.48 | 47.13 ± 24.39 | 0.171 |
DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MVPA: moderate and vigorous physical activity; PA: physical activity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TAG: triacylglycerides; WC: waist circumference. Mean ± standard deviation. ANCOVA adjusted for age, or age and BMI as indicated. No matching superscript letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences by pairwise Mann–Whitney U-tests and Dunn post-hoc test (P < 0.05). † P-value significance was obtained after chi-squared analysis test, in bold.