Table 3.
Differences in gut microbiota composition, fecal short chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA), and serum markers according to coffee consumption tertiles.
| Coffee (mL/day) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (0–3) | T2 (>3–45) | T3(>45–500) | |
| Model 1. Microbial group (Log n cells/gram feces) (n, 138) * | |||
| Akkermansia | 5.70 ± 0.40 a | 5.76 ± 0.33 a | 6.30 ± 0.36 a |
| Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas | 8.03 ± 0.27 a | 8.74 ± 0.27 a,b | 9.14 ± 0.30 b |
| Bifidobacterium | 7.61 ± 0.26 a | 7.73 ± 0.26 a | 8.19 ± 0.28 a |
| Clostridia cluster XIVa group | 7.48 ± 0.29 a | 7.49 ± 0.29 a | 7.50 ± 0.31 a |
| Lactobacillus group | 6.28 ± 0.27 a | 5.97 ± 0.27 a | 5.97 ± 0.29 a |
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | 7.10 ± 0.17 a | 7.29 ± 0.17 a | 7.51 ± 0.19 a |
| Model 2. Fecal SCFA concentration (mM) (n, 132) * | |||
| Acetic acid | 36.77 ± 2.51 a | 36.80 ± 2.48 a | 33.99 ± 2.58 a |
| Propionic acid | 12.55 ± 1.09 a | 13.97 ± 1.08 a | 12.56± 1.12 a |
| Butyric acid | 10.17 ± 1.18 a | 10.90 ± 1.17 a | 10.10 ± 1.21 a |
| Model 3. Blood parameters * | |||
| Serum MDA (µM) (n,102) | 2.51 ± 0.11 a | 2.28 ± 0.07 a,b | 1.89 ± 0.20 b |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) (n,108) | 1.37 ± 0.24 a | 1.27 ± 0.17 a | 0.69 ± 0.46 a |
| Leptin (ng/mL) (n,102) | 11.05 ± 1.21 a | 11.15 ± 0.85 a | 8.34 ± 2.34 a |
| LDL–HDL ratio (n,125) | 2.51 ± 0.18 a | 2.86 ± 0.13 a | 2.85 ± 0.35 a |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) (n,125) | 121.70 ± 11.12 a | 122.08 ± 7.80 a | 103.14 ± 21.44 a |
| Glucose (mg/dL) (n,125) | 100.12 ± 5.62 a | 103.05 ± 3.94 a | 103.73 ± 10.84 a |
| Antioxidant capacity (mM) (n,72) | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 0.34 ± 0.04 a |
* Results obtained from multivariate analyses adjusted by age, gender, BMI, and energy. Values in the same row showing different subscripts present a statistically significant difference; (p ≤ 0.05). MDA, malondialdehyde; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.