Table 1.

Risk ratios for risk factors and causes of ill health at each ACE count level

	1 ACE			2–3 ACEs			≥4 ACEs
	RR	95% CI	P value	RR	95% CI	P value	RR	95% CI	P value
Risk factors
Alcohol use	1.164	1.041 to 1.301	0.008	1.311	1.165 to 1.475	<0.001	1.837	1.631 to 2.069	<0.001
Smoking	1.188	1.091 to 1.293	<0.001	1.448	1.329 to 1.578	<0.001	2.079	1.904 to 2.270	<0.001
Drug use	1.648	1.168 to 2.327	0.005	3.184	2.342 to 4.330	<0.001	8.685	6.658 to 11.328	<0.001
High BMI	1.031	0.986 to 1.078	0.177	1.062	1.012 to 1.115	0.015	1.075	1.011 to 1.142	0.020
Causes of ill health
Depression	1.560	1.305 to 1.865	<0.001	2.137	1.820 to 2.509	<0.001	2.766	2.374 to 3.223	<0.001
Anxiety	1.429	1.169 to 1.747	<0.001	2.151	1.806 to 2.563	<0.001	2.751	2.316 to 3.266	<0.001
Other mental illness	1.684	1.008 to 2.812	0.046	3.216	2.083 to 4.964	<0.001	5.115	3.356 to 7.796	<0.001
Violence	1.383	1.107 to 1.728	0.004	2.955	2.448 to 3.566	<0.001	5.625	4.745 to 6.667	<0.001
Cancer	1.009	0.800 to 1.273	0.937	1.101	0.854 to 1.419	0.459	2.078	1.588 to 2.720	<0.001
Type 2 diabetes	1.157	0.958 to 1.398	0.131	1.223	0.995 to 1.503	0.056	1.782	1.400 to 2.268	<0.001
Heart disease	1.102	0.836 to 1.453	0.492	1.415	1.072 to 1.868	0.014	1.928	1.366 to 2.722	<0.001
Stroke	1.238	0.800 to 1.918	0.338	1.427	0.906 to 2.250	0.125	2.705	1.660 to 4.409	<0.001
Respiratory disease	1.224	0.927 to 1.615	0.155	1.806	1.383 to 2.358	<0.001	2.612	1.929 to 3.536	<0.001

Analysis used generalised linear modelling controlling for study sampling region, deprivation quintile, age, gender and ethnicity.

Reference category: 0 ACE.

ACE, adverse childhood experience; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.