Table 2.

Population attributable fractions and DALYs and costs attributable to ACEs

	Population attributable fraction				Total DALYs (age 15+)	DALYs attributable to ACEs				Total estimated cost (£ million)*	Attributable costs by ACE count (£ million)
	1 ACE	2–3 ACEs	≥4 ACEs	All ACEs		1 ACE	2–3 ACEs	≥4 ACEs	All ACEs		1 ACE	2–3 ACEs	≥4 ACEs	All ACEs
Alcohol use
Wales	0.026	0.040	0.089	0.156	38 114	999	1527	3404	5929	758.4	19.9	30.4	67.7	118.0
England	0.029	0.042	0.061	0.131	606 086	17 297	25 199	36 972	79 467	17 028.6	486.0	708.0	1038.8	2232.7
Smoking
Wales	0.029	0.055	0.110	0.194	121 011	3474	6663	13 307	23 444	2408.0	69.1	132.6	264.8	466.5
England	0.031	0.058	0.076	0.165	1 590 656	50 082	91 530	120 314	261 926	44 691.1	1407.1	2571.6	3380.3	7359.1
Drug use
Wales	0.051	0.137	0.400	0.588	22 518	1140	3090	9011	13 241	448.1	22.7	61.5	179.3	263.5
England	0.062	0.159	0.306	0.526	331 956	20 459	52 832	101 413	174 704	9326.6	574.8	1484.4	2849.3	4908.5
High BMI
Wales	0.006	0.009	0.009	0.024	73 423	422	677	677	1775	1461.0	8.4	13.5	13.5	35.3
England	0.006	0.009	0.006	0.022	1 203 925	7346	11 219	7388	25 954	33 825.5	206.4	315.2	207.6	729.2
Depression
Wales	0.071	0.115	0.149	0.335	16 161	1142	1865	2401	5407	321.6	22.7	37.1	47.8	107.6
England	0.078	0.122	0.103	0.303	294 592	23 073	35 890	30 416	89 379	8276.9	648.3	1008.4	854.6	2511.2
Anxiety
Wales	0.055	0.119	0.150	0.324	12 434	684	1477	1861	4023	247.4	13.6	29.4	37.0	80.0
England	0.061	0.126	0.104	0.291	203 872	12 452	25 606	21 239	59 297	5728.0	349.9	719.4	596.7	1666.0
Other mental illness
Wales	0.065	0.170	0.262	0.497	28 076	1832	4772	7347	13 951	558.7	36.5	95.0	146.2	277.6
England	0.075	0.187	0.189	0.452	517 544	38 976	96 724	98 011	233 711	14 540.9	1095.1	2717.6	2753.7	6566.3
Violence
Wales	0.037	0.152	0.299	0.489	1703	63	260	509	832	33.9	1.3	5.2	10.1	16.6
England	0.044	0.170	0.220	0.434	29 134	1270	4961	6404	12 635	818.6	35.7	139.4	179.9	355.0
Cancer
Wales	0.002	0.013	0.118	0.133	179 919	279	2397	21 263	23 939	3580.2	5.6	47.7	423.1	476.4
England	0.002	0.014	0.082	0.097	2 725 146	4666	38 124	222 605	265 395	76 565.7	131.1	1071.1	6254.3	7456.5
Type 2 diabetes
Wales	0.026	0.029	0.085	0.140	23 306	597	681	1982	3260	463.8	11.9	13.5	39.4	64.9
England	0.028	0.030	0.058	0.116	356 871	9939	10 802	20 707	41 448	10 026.6	279.2	303.5	581.8	1164.5
Heart disease
Wales	0.016	0.053	0.098	0.167	77 275	1243	4077	7556	12 877	1537.7	24.7	81.1	150.4	256.2
England	0.018	0.055	0.067	0.140	1 049 623	18 461	57 674	70 352	146 487	29 490.2	518.7	1620.4	1976.6	4115.7
Stroke
Wales	0.034	0.049	0.163	0.246	39 189	1336	1926	6372	9634	779.8	26.6	38.3	126.8	191.7
England	0.038	0.052	0.114	0.204	546 308	20 801	28 579	62 218	111 597	15 349.1	584.4	802.9	1748.1	3135.4
Respiratory disease
Wales	0.031	0.090	0.149	0.270	50 697	1570	4550	7545	13 664	1008.8	31.2	90.5	150.1	271.9
England	0.034	0.095	0.104	0.233	784 621	27 000	74 559	81 386	182 945	22 044.7	758.6	2094.8	2286.6	5140.0

*Calculated as 1 DALY=GVA per capita (£19 899 Wales, £28 096 England; balanced, current basic prices, 2017).

ACE, adverse childhood experience; BMI, body mass index; DALY, disability adjusted life year; GVA, gross value added.