Table 3.
Articles relating to surgical training−17 papers.
| References | Paper type and case number | Area of urology | Application | Reported outcomes and limitations | Cost and time to produce model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gasior et al. (26) | Single case study (n = 1) |
Pediatrics | Congenital anomalies | Increased understanding of anatomy as assessed by questionnaire Compared to inspection of 2D imaging, rotating 3D computer model and interactive 3D computer model. |
Cost not reported 18 h |
| Melnyk et al. (28) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Renal cancer | Partial nephrectomy | 7% polyvinyl alcohol at three freeze-thaw cycles found to best replicate mechanical properties of porcine tissue | $43.30 in material $60 in personnel $82 in consumables |
| Monda et al. (42) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Renal cancer | Partial nephrectomy | Silicone renal tumor model demonstrating face, content and construct validity Surgeons of higher training levels performed better on the model |
$260 for molds $3.90 per model 2 h |
| Smektala et al. (23) | Technical note (n/a) | Renal cancer | Partial nephrectomy | Present steps for producing low-cost silicone renal models for partial nephrectomy simulation (55) | $14.4 for mold $7.4 per model |
| Knoedler et al. (56) | Model validation (n/a) | Renal cancer | Partial nephrectomy | Accuracy of the deduced nephrometry score was improved in trainees by 3D-printed models when compared to standard imaging (56) | Not reported |
| Porpiglia et al. (57) | Case series (n = 18) |
Renal and prostate cancer | Partial nephrectomy and Radical prostatectomy | Positive face and content validity when assessed by surgical trainees (57) | Not reported |
| Shee et al. (32) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Prostate cancer | Robot assisted radical prostatectomy | Average face validity 8/10 Average content validity 10/10 Improved performance observed in experts in procedure compared to trainees |
$80 for mold $5 silicone model $100 acrylic frame $10 labor per model |
| Qiu et al. (43) | Model validation (n/a) | Prostate | Not specified | Models with tissue-mimicking tactile sensation and behavior Sensors allowing quantitative measurement of pressure applied to model |
Not reported |
| Witthaus et al. (44) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Prostate cancer | Robot assisted radical prostatectomy | Incorporated quantitative measures of performance into model of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy simulation model Demonstrated objective scoring systems (GEARS and RACE) as correlating well with quantitative outcome measures |
- |
| Ghazi et al. (30) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Renal Stones | PCNL | Average face and content validity of 4.5/10 and 4.6/10 respectively Lower fluoroscopy time, number of puncture attempts for experts compared to trainees and also better stone clearance |
- |
| Choi et al. (29) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Benign prostatic hyperplasia | TURP | Demonstrated adjustable compressive elastic properties of model Enabled quantitative evaluation of resection Electrocautery of model closely resembled the procedure on human tissue |
Not reported |
| Cheung et al. (31) | Simulation validation (n/a) | PUJ obstruction | Pyeloplasty | Average scoring by urology fellows and faculty: Realism 4.50/5 Handling 4.38/5 Usability 3.6/5 (novices), 3.7/5 (experts) Aesthetics 3.5/5 (novices), 3.3/5 (experts) |
~$100 |
| Uwechue et al. (33) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Kidney transplant | Kidney transplant | Allowed bespoke immersion simulation of robot-assisted renal transplant | $1000 |
| Pinto et al. (41) | Simulation validation (n/a) | Andrology | Vasectomy reversal | Measured performance in terms of completion time and objective performance checklist with an observed improvement on repeated use | Not reported |
| Parkhomenkho et al. (6) | Model validation | Laparoscopy | Laparoscopy | Designed a laparoscopic trainer which could be digitally shared and produced across institutions with reported low cost and assembly time. Scored lower than conventional trainers but still rated as useful |
$26.50 |
| Sweet (58) | Model validation (n/a) | All urology | All urology | Described the development process used by the Center of Research in Education and Simulation Technologies for several simulation models (58) | - |
| Adams et al. (27) | Model validation (n/a) | All renal | All renal | Demonstrated agar hydrogel models of the kidney as having physical properties most consistent with human tissue | Cost not reported 2 days |