Table 5.

Articles relating to surgical tools−5 papers.

References	Paper type	Area of urology	Application	Reported outcomes and limitations
Del Junco et al. (64)	Lab	Endourology	Ureteric stent	3D printed stents in ex-vivo models showed comparable flow rate characteristics to contemporary stents Unable to produce tapered ends
Park et al. (60)	Lab	Endourology	Ureteric stent	In vitro study of 3D-printed antireflex stent showing effect prevention of backflow
Del Junco et al. (64)	Lab	Endourology/Laparoscopy	Ureteric stents and laparoscopy trocars	Able to 3D-print ureteric stents introduced by seldinger technique but not for smaller stent sizes (7F) Functional trocars but produced larger superficial skin defects than contemporary products
Canvasser et al. (65)	Lab	Laparoscopy	Surgical clips	Clips had a fracture rate of 54% Only 23 of 50 clips closed These leaked at a mean pressure of 20.7 kPa. No commercial clips broke or leaked
Rankin et al. (66)	Lab	Open surgery	Surgical retractors	3D-printed sterile Polylactic Acid filament retractors which where sterilisable Low tangential strength limiting use to skin retraction