Table 1.
Preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in ARDS
| MSC sources | Disease | Animal or clinical studies | Key findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hUC-MSCs | COVID-19 | Clinical | Transplantion of hUC-MSCs was well tolerated and promoted the recovery in a 65-year-old female critically ill COVID-19 patients. | Bing et al. (2020) |
| Unknown human | COVID-19 | Clinical | Transplantation of MSCs improve the functional outcomes of seven patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, accompanied by the attenuation of inflammation and recovery of the immune system | Leng et al. (2020) |
| hM-MSCs | ARDS induced by the H7N9 virus | Clinical | MSC Transplantation significantly reduced the mortality of the H7N9-induced ARDS | Chen et al. (2020c) |
| hAD-MSCs | ARDS | Clinical (phase I) | Transplantation of MSCs was safe and well-tolerated in the patients. | Zheng et al. (2014) |
| hBM-MSCs | ARDS | Clinical (phase I) | Transplantation of MSCs was tolerated, without adverse effects and differences in the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, angiopoietin-2, and advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor (AGER) | Wilson et al. (2015) |
| hBM-MSCs | ARDS | Clinical (phase II) | Transplantation of MSCs improved the oxygenation index and reduced the level of angiopoietin-2 in the plasma. | Matthay et al. (2019) |
| hBM-MSCs | ARDS | Clinical (Compassionate use) | Both patients showed improvement with the resolution of respiratory, hemodynamic, and multiorgan failure. The beneficial effects were associated with a decrease in the biomarkers related to inflammation. | Simonson et al. (2015) |
| rLung-MSC | ARDS induced by LPS | Animal (rat) |
Reduced lung inflammation and pulmonary edema. A decrease in IL-1, IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Restoration of Treg/Th17 balance. |
Wang et al. (2019) |
| mBM-MSCs | ARDS induced by HCL instillation | Animal (mouse) | Attenuation of fibrosis in the lung. | Islam et al. (2019) |
| mBM-MSCs | ARDS induced by LPS | Animal (mouse) |
Improved the differentiation of MSCs into alveolar epithelial cells. Restoration of the injured structure and function of alveolar epithelial cells. Reduced lung fibrosis. |
Zhang et al. (2019c) |
| rBM-MSCs | ARDS induced by LPS | Animal (rat) |
Improved oxygen saturation. Reduced lung inflammation and pulmonary edema. Reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels. |
Mokhber Dezfouli et al. (2018) |
|
rBM-, rAD- rlung-MSCs |
ARDS induced LPS | Animal (rat) |
Improved lung function and reduced alveolar collapse. Reduced lung inflammation and lung fibrosis. Reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, KC, and TGF-β levels. Reduced apoptosis in the lung, kidney, and liver. |
Silva et al. (2018) |
| hUC-MSCs | ARDS induced by LPS | Animal (mouse) |
Mitigation of lung injuries. Changing the expression of ARDS-related genes, such as Cyp17a1, Nr1h4, Rps6ka6 Nol3, and Prkg2. |
Huang et al. (2018) |
| hM-MSCs | ARDS induced by LPS | Animal (mouse) |
Reduced lung inflammation and pulmonary edema. Reduced MPO activity and IL-1β level. Increased IL-10 level. |
Xiang et al. (2017) |
| mAD-MSCs | ARDS induced by LPS | Animal (mouse) |
Improved survival. Reduced lung inflammation. Reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. |
Pedrazza et al. (2017) |
| hUC-MSCs | ARDS induced by E. coli | Animal (mouse) |
Reduced lung inflammation. Increased bacterial clearance. Reduced alveolar wall thickening. Reduced IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. |
Sung et al. (2016) |
| hBM-MSCs | ARDS induced by E. coli | Animal (mouse) |
MSCs transfer their mitochondria to macrophages. Increased phagocytosis activity of macrophages. |
Jackson et al. (2016) |
| hM-MSCs | ARDS induced by the cecal ligation and puncture | Animal (mouse) |
Improved survival. Enhanced bacterial clearance. Reduced inflammation. Reduced TNF-α, MCP1, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. |
Alcayaga-Miranda et al. (2015) |
| hBM-MSCs | ARDS induced by E. coli | Animal (mouse) |
Improved lung recovery. Enhanced bacterial clearance. Increased IL-10 and KGF levels. Reduced IL-16 level. |
Devaney et al. (2015) |
hM, human menstrual blood-derived; hBM, human bone marrow-derived; hAD, human adipose-derived; mBM, mouse bone marrow-derived; hUC, human umbilical cord-derived; mAD, mouse adipose tissue-derived; rlung, rat lung-derived; rBM, rat bone marrow-derived; rAD, rat adipose tissue-derived; E. coli, Escherichia coli; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; TGF, transforming growth factor