Table 1.
Sample Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Tests of Association Between Categorical Covariates and FE.
| Sample descriptive statistics % (n) (un-weighted) | FE since age 60 (weighted %) | FE in last 6 months (weighted %) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | 100 (903) | 9.9 | 3.5 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 26.7 (241) | 8.8 | 3.1 |
| Female | 73.3 (662) | 10.7 | 3.8 |
| Race | |||
| White (not African American) | 76.7 (693) | 8.4 | 2.4 |
| African American | 23.3 (210) | 23.0** | 12.9** |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 12.0 (108) | 15.0 | 5.8 |
| High school graduate | 34.7 (313) | 10.0 | 3.3 |
| Some college | 29.5 (266) | 8.5 | 2.4 |
| College graduate | 23.7 (214) | 9.5 | 4.1 |
| IADL disability | |||
| No IADL difficulty | 56.4 (509) | 7.1 | 2.7 |
| IADL difficulty | 43.6 (394) | 14.3** | 4.6 |
| ADL disability | |||
| No ADL difficulty | 86.3 (779) | 9.6 | 3.6 |
| ADL difficulty | 13.7 (124) | 12.5 | 2.2 |
| Risk for depressiona | |||
| No | 70.8 (639) | 7.2 | 2.3 |
| Yes | 29.2 (264) | 17.6** | 6.9** |
| Household living arrangements | |||
| Live alone | 48.4 (436) | 9.8 | 2.9 |
| Do not live alone | 51.6 (465) | 10.0 | 3.9 |
| Live with spouse | 36.0 (325) | 8.4 | 3.8 |
| Do not live with spouse | 64.0 (578) | 11.1 | 3.3 |
| Live with son | 8.5 (77) | 7.4 | 3.4 |
| Do not live with son | 91.5 (826) | 10.2 | 3.5 |
| Live with daughter | 6.9 (62) | 16.6 | 2.5 |
| Do not live with daughter | 93.1 (841) | 9.4 | 3.6 |
| Live with other family | 10.6 (96) | 20.0 | 5.1 |
| Do not live with other family | 89.4 (807) | 9.0** | 3.3 |
| Live with non-family | 2.2 (20) | 5.5 | 4.2 |
| Do not live with non-family | 97.8 (883) | 10.0 | 3.5 |
Note. Descriptive statistics and sample sizes are un-weighted; all other analyses are weighted. All available data are presented for each cell (i.e., pairwise deletion is used). FE = financial exploitation; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; ADL = activities of daily living; CESD = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
a
Score of 8 or higher on CESD.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01 in bivariate χ2 tests for differences in FE since turning 60 and in last 6 months by predictor variable. All significance testing accounted for complex survey design (see text).