Table 1.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of demographic, comorbidity and clinical indices among hospitalized and outpatient cohorts
| Mortality | ||
|---|---|---|
| Univariate Analysis | OR (95% CI) | Pvalue |
| Demographics | ||
| Age > 60 years | 3.4 (2.8,4.1) | <0.0005 |
| Male | 1.4 (1.2,1.7) | <0.0005 |
| Caucasian Race compared to African-American | 1.4 (1.0,2.0) | 0.037 |
| Other Race compared to African-American | 0.87 (0.61,1.3) | 0.467 |
| Smoking history | 1.4 (0.83, 2.3) | 0.212 |
| BMI > 30 | 1.5 (1.2,1.9) | 0.002 |
| Medications | ||
| NSAID use | 1.0 (0.85,1.2) | 0.831 |
| ACE-I/ARB use | 2.4 (2.0,2.9) | <0.0005 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| CCI > 2 | 5.2 (4.2,6.5) | <0.0005 |
| HTN | 4.4 (3.6,5.4) | <0.0005 |
| DM | 3.9 (3.0,5.1) | <0.0005 |
| CKD | 8.0 (5.0,12.9) | <0.0005 |
| COPD | 2.5 (1.6,4.0) | <0.0005 |
| CAD/PAD | 4.2 (2.8, 6.1) | <0.0005 |
| Cancer | 2.4 (1.5,4.0) | <0.0005 |
| Heart Failure | 4.4 (2.3,8.6) | <0.0005 |
| OSA | 2.2 (1.5,3.3) | <0.0005 |
| Bronchial Asthma | 1.4 (1.0,2.0) | 0.053 |
| CVA or TIA | 14.3 (5.3, 39.2) | <0.0005 |
| VTE | 3.0 (1.7,5.5) | <0.0005 |
| Dementia | 2.5 (0.70,8.6) | 0.162 |
| Immunosuppression | 1.2 (0.46,3.2) | 0.685 |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 5.4 (1.3,23.3) | 0.023 |
| Connective Tissue Disease | 1.9 (0.95,4.00) | 0.068 |
| Vitals Signs | ||
| Tachycardia (HR > 100 beats/min) | 1.6 (1.3,1.9) | <0.0005 |
| Tachypnea (RR > 20 breaths/min) | 5.3 (4.0,7.1) | <0.0005 |
| Hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) | 21.7 (8.0,59.1) | <0.0005 |
| Multivariate Analysis | ||
| Variable | aOR (95% CI) | Pvalue |
| Age > 60 | 2.1 (1.4,3.1) | 0.015 |
| CCI > 21 | 3.2 (2.1,4.8) | <0.0005 |
| Male | 1.9 (1.5,2.5) | <0.0005 |
| Caucasian Race compared to African-American | 1.4 (0.83,2.3) | 0.220 |
| ACE-I/ARB use | 1.5 (1.1,2.0) | 0.015 |
| Other race compared to African-American | 0.90 (0.53,1.6) | 0.709 |
| BMI > 30 | 1.8 (1.4,2.4) | <0.0005 |
| Tachycardia (HR > 100 bpm) | 1.5 (1.1,2.0) | 0.007 |
| Tachypnea (RR > 20 breaths/min) | 2.9 (2.1,4.1) | <0.0005 |
| Hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) | 15.0 (4.7,48.0) | <0.0005 |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea; HTN, hypertension; VTE, venous thromboembolic disease; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; CVA, Cerebrovascular Accident; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication; ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; OR: Odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CAD, coronary artery disease; PAD, peripheral artery disease; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; RR: respiratory rate; HR, heart rate; SpO2, oxygen saturation; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute
CCI utilized in multivariate analysis as surrogate for comorbidities