Table 2.
Between-condition endpoint-to-endpoint comparison of biochemical and vascular measurements (Least square mean values and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Baseline | Potato | Refined grain | Mean difference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P* | |
| Weight (kg)† | 68·1 | 64·5, 71·9 | 68·4 | 64·7, 72·3 | 68·2 | 64·5, 72·1 | 0·26 | –0·12, 0·64 | 0·13 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5·3 | 5·2, 5·4 | 5·3 | 5·2, 5·4 | 5·3 | 5·2, 5·5 | –0·05 | –0·14, 0·04 | 0·15 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 35·6 | 29·4, 41·7 | 37·1 | 31·0, 43·3 | 35·6 | 29·5, 41·8 | 1·47 | –3·38, 6·32 | 0·51 |
| HOMA-IR | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·5 | 1·3 | 1, 1·5 | 1·2 | 0·96, 1·4 | 0·08 | –0·01, 2·50 | 0·34 |
| Fructosamine (μmol/l) | 242 | 236, 247 | 241 | 236, 246 | 241 | 236, 246 | –0·1 | –2·5, 2·3 | 0·94 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4·6 | 4·4, 4·8 | 4·6 | 4·4, 4·8 | 4·7 | 4·4, 4·9 | –0·04 | –0·17, 0·08 | 0·50 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2·7 | 2·5, 2·9 | 2·7 | 2·5, 2·9 | 2·7 | 2·5, 2·9 | –0·04 | –0·15, 0·06 | 0·51 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1·6 | 1·5, 1·6 | 1·5 | 1·5, 1·6 | 1·6 | 1·5, 1·6 | –0·02 | –0·06, 0·03 | 0·43 |
| TAG (mmol/l)† | 0·8 | 0·7, 0·9 | 0·9 | 0·8, 1·0 | 0·9 | 0·8, 1·0 | 0·96 | 0·89, 1·04 | 0·23 |
| HS-CRP (nmol/l) | 13·7 | 9·0, 18·4 | 14·0 | 9·2, 18·7 | 15·3 | 10·5, 20·0 | –1·31 | –5·66, 3·03 | 0·55 |
| Vascular measures | |||||||||
| bSBP (mmHg) | 116 | 112, 119 | 117 | 113, 120 | 116 | 113, 120 | 0·2 | –1·7, 2·1 | 0·81 |
| bDBP (mmHg) | 74 | 72, 77 | 74 | 72, 75 | 74 | 72, 75 | 0·2 | –1·4, 1·8 | 0·83 |
| cSBP (mmHg) | 105 | 102, 108 | 105 | 104, 107 | 105 | 104, 107 | 0·1 | –1·6, 1·7 | 0·92 |
| cDBP (mmHg) | 75 | 73, 78 | 77 | 72, 77 | 74 | 72, 77 | 0·41 | –1·2, 2 | 0·60 |
| cPP (mmHg) | 30 | 28, 31 | 31 | 29, 32 | 31 | 29, 33 | –0·2 | –1·6, 1·1 | 0·72 |
| AP (mmHg) | 5 | 4, 6 | 6 | 4·6, 7·4 | 6 | 4·6, 7·4 | –0·1 | –1·2, 1 | 0·91 |
| AIx75 % | 14 | 11, 18 | 15 | 11, 19 | 14 | 10·5, 18 | 0·9 | –1·6, 3·3 | 0·50 |
| HR (beats/min) | 62 | 59, 65 | 63 | 60, 65 | 62 | 59, 65 | 0·7 | –1·7, 3·0 | 0·58 |
| PWV (m/s) | 6·6 | 6·2, 7·0 | 6·7 | 6·3, 7·1 | 6·6 | 6·2, 7·0 | 0·1 | –0·1, 0·3 | 0·19 |
| PTT (m/s) | 70 | 67, 73 | 69 | 64·6, 73·1 | 70 | 66·1, 74·6 | –1·5 | –7·5, 4·5 | 0·62 |
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HS-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; bSBP, brachial systolic blood pressure; bDBP, brachial diastolic blood pressure; cSBP, central systolic blood pressure; cDBP, central diastolic blood pressure; cPP, central pulse pressure; AP, arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; PWV, pulse wave velocity; PTT, pulse transit time.
*
Endpoint-to-endpoint mean difference.
†
Presented as geometric means and 95 % confidence intervals; PROCMIXED (SAS Institute) was used for analyses with participants modelled as a repeated factor.