Table 3.
Between- and within-condition endpoint-to-endpoint mean comparisons and change from baseline for the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) (Least square mean values and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Component | Baseline | Endpoint-to-endpoint | Change from baseline | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POT | REF | Mean difference | POT | REF | Mean difference | ||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean difference | 95 % CI | P† | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean difference | 95 % CI | |
| HEI total score‡ | 58·4 | 54·4, 62·3 | 55·8 | 52·6, 59·0 | 52·3 | 49·1, 55·6 | 3·5 | 0·6, 6·4 | 0·01 | –2·6 | –6·3, 1·2 | –6·3* | –10·1, –2·5 | 3·79 | 0·9, 6·7 |
| Adequacy components | |||||||||||||||
| Total vegetables§ | 3·9 | 3·5 4·3 | 4·0 | 3·7, 4·3 | 3·1 | 2·8, 3·5 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·3 | <0·001 | 0·13 | –0·4, 0·6 | –0·8* | –1·2, –0·3 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·3 |
| Greens and beans§ | 2·9 | 2·2, 3·6 | 2·4 | 1·9, 2·9 | 2·0 | 1·5, 2·5 | 0·4 | –0·2, 1·0 | 0·22 | –0·4 | –1·2, 0·3 | –0·9* | –1·6, –0·1 | 0·4 | –0·2, 1·0 |
| Total fruit§ | 2·7 | 2·2, 3·3 | 2·5 | 2·0, 3·0 | 2·5 | 2·0, 3·0 | –0·04 | –0·5, 0·5 | 0·89 | –0·3 | –0·9, 0·3 | –0·3 | –0·9, 0·3 | 0·0001 | –0·5, 0·5 |
| Whole fruit§ | 2·8 | 2·2, 3·5 | 2·3 | 1·8, 2·9 | 2·8 | 2·3, 3·3 | –0·46 | –1·0, 0·1 | 0·09 | –0·56 | –1·15, 0·04 | –0·1 | –0·7, 0·5 | –0·5 | –1, 0·1 |
| Whole grains‖ | 3·3 | 2·3, 4·3 | 3·6 | 2·7, 4·4 | 3·4 | 2·5, 4·2 | 0·2 | –0·7, 1·1 | 0·64 | 0·4 | –0·9, 1·6 | 0·1 | –1·1, 1·4 | 0·2 | –0·7, 1·1 |
| Dairy products‖ | 5·9 | 4·9, 7·0 | 6·0 | 5·3, 6·7 | 6·0 | 5·3, 6·7 | –0·02 | –0·8, 0·8 | 0·95 | 0·15 | –0·9, 1·2 | 0·17 | –0·9, 1·2 | –0·02 | –0·8, 0·8 |
| Total protein foods§ | 4·1 | 3·7, 4·5 | 3·9 | 3·6, 4·3 | 3·9 | 3·6, 4·3 | 0·004 | –0·4, 0·4 | 0·98 | –0·2 | –0·7, 0·3 | –0·2 | –0·7, 0·3 | 0·01 | –0·4, 0·4 |
| Seafood and plant protein§ | 3·1 | 2·5, 3·7 | 2·7 | 2·2, 3·2 | 2·9 | 2·4, 3·4 | –0·2 | –0·8, 0·4 | 0·46 | –0·4 | –1·1, 0·3 | –0·2 | –0·9, 0·5 | –0·2 | –0·7, 0·4 |
| Fatty acid ratio‖ | 5·6 | 4·6, 6·7 | 4·7 | 3·9, 5·5 | 4·2 | 3·4, 5·0 | 0·5 | –0·6, 1·6 | 0·39 | –1·0 | –2·3, 0·3 | –1·5* | –2·8, –0·2 | 0·5 | –0·7, 1·6 |
| Moderation components | |||||||||||||||
| Na‖ | 3·6 | 2·5, 4·7 | 3·6 | 2·8, 4·4 | 3·4 | 2·6, 4·2 | 0·2 | –0·6, 1·1 | 0·62 | 0·04 | –1·2, 1·3 | –0·25 | –1·5, 1·0 | 0·28 | –0·6, 1·1 |
| Refined grains‖ | 6·9 | 5·9, 7·9 | 6·5 | 5·6, 7·3 | 4·9 | 4·1, 5·8 | 1·5 | 0·6, 2·5 | 0·002 | –0·4 | –1·6, 0·8 | –2·0* | –3·2, –0·8 | 1·6 | 0·7, 2·6 |
| Saturated fat‖ | 5·5 | 4·5, 6·5 | 5·6 | 4·8, 6·4 | 5·3 | 4·5, 6·1 | 0·3 | –0·6, 1·2 | 0·51 | –0·002 | –1·1, 1·1 | –0·31 | –1·4, 0·8 | 0·31 | –0·6, 1·2 |
| Added sugar‖ | 8·0 | 7·2, 8·9 | 8·1 | 7·5, 8·7 | 7·9 | 7·3, 8·5 | 0·2 | –0·3, 0·8 | 0·43 | 0·09 | –0·7, 0·9 | –0·11 | –0·9, 0·7 | 0·19 | –0·4, 0·8 |
POT, potato; REF, refined grain.
*
Significant within-condition change from baseline, P < 0·05. PROC MIXED (SAS Institute) was used for analyses with participants modelled as a repeated factor.
†
Condition main effect for endpoint-to-endpoint comparison.
‡
Maximum total score 100.
§
Maximum score 5.
‖
Maximum score 10.