Fig. 2.

Changes in cardiac function and aortic valve opening according to temporary right ventricular (RV) overdrive pacing under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

(A) After temporary RV overdrive pacing, the aortic valve remained nearly closed due to reduced cardiac function. Spontaneous echo contrast, the so-called “smoke-like echo,” was observed into the coronary sinuses of Valsalva. (B) After the interruption of temporary RV overdrive pacing, cardiac function increased to its former condition and the aortic valve started to open again. However, just at that time, free-floating left ventricular thrombus was detected.

Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle.