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. 2020 Jun 3;11:996. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00996

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Copyright © 2020 Mei, Jiang, Zou, Wang, Zhou, Li, Liu, Tan, Wei, Li, Dai, Peng, Zhang, Lopez-Ribot, Shapiro, Chen, Liu and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of robenidine and fluconazole on the growth of Candida albicans, fluconazole-resistant C. albicans, the emerging fungal pathogen C. auris and other fungal species. (A) (Left) A time-course growth of C. albicans in the presence of fluconazole at different concentrations. The OD₆₀₀ was obtained every 15 min in BioTek plate reader last for 24 h. (middle and right) Effects of fluconazole at different concentrations on the growth of C. albicans after 13-h incubation or 24-h incubation. (B) (Left) A time-course growth of C. albicans in the presence of robenidine at different concentrations. The OD₆₀₀ was obtained every 15 min in BioTek plate reader last for 24 h. (middle and right) Effects of robenidine at different concentrations on the growth of C. albicans after 13-h incubation or 24-h incubation. “Flu” stands for fluconazole and “Robe” stands for robenidine. (C) Growth curves of the fluconazole resistant isolate #16 after treatment with fluconazole or robenidine. (D) Growth curves of fluconazole resistant isolate #17 after treatment with fluconazole or robenidine. (E) Growth curves of C. auris after treatment with fluconazole or robenidine. (F) Dose-dependent growth inhibition of robenidine observed in testing its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, or Aspergillus fumigatus. Each growth curve experiment has been repeated more than 4 times.