Table 1.
Examples of EV biomarkers in diagnosis DN.
| Biomarkers | DN type | Marker | Source/origion | Isolation method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs | Type 2 DN | Combined let-7i-5p, miR-15b-5p, miR-24-3p, and miR-27b-3p | Urinary extracellular vesicles | miRCURY™ | (50) |
| Exosome Isolation Kits | |||||
| Type 2 DN | miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p, miR-150-5p, and miR-15a-5p | Urinary exosomes | Ultracentrifuge | (51) | |
| Type 2 early DN | miR-192 | Urinary extracellular vesicle | Ultracentrifuge | (52) | |
| Type 1 DN | miR-130a,miR-145, miR-155, and miR-424 | Urinary exosomes | Ultracentrifuge | (53) | |
| Type 2 DN | miR-320c | Urinary exosomes | Exosome precipitation reagent ExoQuick-TC | (54) | |
| DN rats | miR-451-5p | Urinary exosomes | Differential centrifugation | (55) | |
| mRNAs | Type 1 and 2 DN | WT1 mRNA | Urinary exosomes | Ultracentrifuge | (56) |
| Proteins | Type 1 and 2 DN | Regucalcin | Urinary exosomes | Combination of an ultracentrifugation-based protocol with DTT treatment of the low-speed pell | (57) |
| Type 1DN | WT1 protein | Urinary exosomes | Differential centrifugation method | (58) | |
| Type 1 and 2 DN | AMBP, MLL3, and VDAC1 protein | Urinary exosomes | Combination of an ultracentrifugation-based protocol with DTT treatment of the low-speed pell | (59) | |
| Type1 DN | Cystatin B and NGAL | Urinary exosomes | Hydrostatic filtration dialysis | (60) |