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Chlorogenic acid prevented inflammation in the colons of indomethacin-treated mice. Relative mRNA expression of TNFα (A), IL1β (B), IL6 (C), and IL8 (D); (E) pNFκB expression determined by the WES Simple Western System. A full image of panel (E) shown in Supplementary Figure 1; (F) Relative abundance of pNFκB, (F) is the quantification of the WB in E. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8 for results of gene expression and n = 3 for results of protein expression. *P < 0.05.
