Table 2.

Public Managers as Authoritative Experts: Challenges and Strategies

Challenges	Strategies
Open data
Data from a wide variety of sources are publicly available and easily accessible.	Filter, translate, and broker public data presented to political and administrative masters.
Competitive advice
Consultants, international agencies, interest groups, lobbyists, and colleagues eagerly offer expertise to political and administrative bosses.	Collaborate with but set conditions and norms for external advisers to masters and penalize noncompliance.
“Politics of expertise”
Political and administrative bosses and professional groups contest expertise and evidence, certainly in times of crisis	Organize channels and allegiances of expertise, rather than losing energy over continuous battles with actors who may be hard to convince anyway.