Table 1.
Categories of vaccine, with licensed and experimental examples
| Vaccine | Licensed vaccines | Example institutions developing COVID‐19 vaccines |
|---|---|---|
| Live attenuated | Smallpox, measles, yellow fever, mumps, influenza, rubella, varicella, polio | Codagenix (Farmingdale, NY) |
| Inactivated | Inactivated polio, rabies, hepatitis A | SinoVac (Beijing, China) |
| Protein subunit | Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae B, pertussis, human papillomavirus, pneumococcal bacteria, meningococcal bacteria |
Generex Biotechnology (Miramar, FL) Vaxart (San Francisco, CA) Medicago (Quebec City, Canada) GSK (London, UK) and Clover Biopharmaceuticals (Chengdu, China) University of Queensland |
| Nucleic acid | None in humans |
Moderna (Cambridge, MA) Inovio Pharmaceuticals (Plymouth Meeting, PA) Pfizer (New York, NY) Imperial College London Takis Biotech (Rome, Italy) BIOCAD (St Petersburg, Russia) |
| Viral‐vectored | Japanese encephalitis (Australia), dengue virus (Mexico and Brazil) |
University of Oxford CanSino Biologics (Tianjin, China) Greffex (Houston, TX) Janssen (Beerse, Belgium) |