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. 2020 Jun 3;11:1115. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01115

Figure 1.

Figure 1

S. sonnei induces the secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, ASC, and active caspase-1 in macrophages. (A) J774A.1 macrophages, THP-1 macrophages, PBMCs or BMDM were primed with 1 μg/ml LPS for 4 h and then infected with S. sonnei for an additional 20 h. The levels of IL-1β in the supernatants were measured by ELISA. (B–E) J774A.1 macrophages or THP-1 macrophages were primed with 1 μg/ml LPS for 4 h followed and then infected with S. sonnei for an additional 20 h or stimulated with 5 mM ATP for an additional 0.5 h. The levels of IL-1β (B), IL-18 (C), caspase-1 (D), NLRP3, and ASC (E) in the supernatants were measured by Western blotting. The ELISA data are expressed as the mean ± SD of four separate experiments. The Western blotting results are representative of three different experiments. * and *** indicate significant differences at the levels of p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to untreated control cells (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test).