Table 3.

Insulin-Induced Liver Regeneration

Reference, year	Species	Experiment	Results
Francavilla et al,39 1984	Rat	70% PH	↑ Insulin-binding sites on hepatocyte membranes, 24-48 h after PH
Beyer et al,41 2008	Mouse	2/3 PH in mice lacking the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2	Marked delay in liver regeneration because oxidative stress enhanced insulin resistance
Xu et al,44 2009	Human	Intraoperative, intraportal insulin infusion through the right gastroepiploic vein of living donor liver transplant recipients	Growth rate of the transplanted liver volume in the insulin-perfusion group was significantly higher than that of the control group The liver function index was significantly better than that of the control group
Tseng et al,46 2011	Rat	Portal vein ligation for rats with streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency	Compared with normal rats, those with insulin deficiency had significantly lower indices of liver regeneration, including restituted liver mass and redistributed volume ratio
Backes et al,47 2014	Rat	Five groups of experimental animals: Group 1: Sham operation Group 2: 70% PH Group 3: 70% PH + portal vein stenosis Group 4: 70% PH + portal vein stenosis + insulin Group 5: 70% PH + portal vein stenosis + tacrolimus	Reduction of portal vein blood flow from stenosis adversely affected the liver regeneration Compared with the simple portal vein stenosis group, the insulin and tacrolimus groups had greater residual liver mass, mitotic activity, and proliferation-related indicators (IL-6, Ki67) Insulin and tacrolimus can partially reverse the harmful effects of portal vein stenosis in liver regeneration
Amaya et al,48 2014	Rat	SkHep-1 human hepatoma cell line 70% PH	The mitogenic effect of insulin on liver regeneration was achieved by transferring the insulin receptor into the nucleus Formation of nuclear InsP3 initiates nuclear and cytosolic Ca2+ signals

IL = interleukin; InsP3 = inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; PH = partial hepatectomy.