TABLE 2.
Model fit indices for each IRI measurement model.
Model | χ2 | df | χ2/df | CFI | NNFI | SRMR | RMSEA | RMSEAt | AIC | BIC |
M1a. Four-factor model | 679.569 | 203 | 3.436 | 0.809 | 0.782 | 0.070 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 25405.532 | 25713.586 |
M1b. Four-factor high-order model | 700.009 | 205 | 3.415 | 0.801 | 0.776 | 0.073 | 0.067 | 0.073 | 25421.973 | 25721.469 |
M1c. Four-factor bifactor model | 514.145 | 187 | 2.749 | 0.869 | 0.838 | 0.067 | 0.057 | 0.063 | 25272.109 | 25648.619 |
M2a. Three-factor(PT+EC+FS) model | 448.910 | 116 | 3.870 | 0.816 | 0.784 | 0.064 | 0.073 | 0.081 | 19511.533 | 19742.573 |
M2b. Three-factor (PT+EC+FS) high-order model | 448.910 | 116 | 3.870 | 0.816 | 0.784 | 0.064 | 0.073 | 0.081 | 19511.533 | 19742.573 |
M2c. Three-factor (PT+EC+FS) bifactor model | 302.921 | 102 | 2.970 | 0.889 | 0.852 | 0.061 | 0.061 | 0.069 | 19393.544 | 19684.483 |
M3a. Interpersonal reactivity three-factor [empathy(PT+EC)+FS+PD] model | 874.112 | 206 | 4.243 | 0.732 | 0.699 | 0.079 | 0.078 | 0.083 | 25594.076 | 25889.294 |
M3b. Interpersonal reactivity three-factor [empathy (PT+EC)+FS+PD] high-order model | 874.112 | 206 | 4.243 | 0.732 | 0.699 | 0.079 | 0.078 | 0.083 | 25594.076 | 25889.294 |
M3c. Interpersonal reactivity three-factor [empathy (PT+EC)+FS+PD] bifactor model | 604.125 | 187 | 3.231 | 0.833 | 0.793 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.070 | 25362.088 | 25738.598 |
M4a. Two-factor (PT+EC) model | 142.006 | 43 | 3.302 | 0.903 | 0.875 | 0.052 | 0.066 | 0.078 | 11957.736 | 12103.206 |
M4b. Two-factor (PT+EC) high-order model | 142.006 | 42 | 3.381 | 0.902 | 0.871 | 0.052 | 0.067 | 0.079 | 11959.736 | 12109.485 |
M4c. Two-factor (PT+EC) bifactor model | 73.047 | 33 | 2.214 | 0.961 | 0.934 | 0.031 | 0.048 | 0.063 | 11908.777 | 12097.032 |
M5a. Two-factor (affective empathy: EC+PD; cognitive empathy: PT+FS) model | 1313.585 | 208 | 6.315 | 0.557 | 0.507 | 0.107 | 0.100 | 0.105 | 26029.549 | 26316.210 |
M5b. Two-factor (affective empathy: EC+PD; cognitive empathy: PT+FS) high-order model | 1313.585 | 207 | 6.346 | 0.556 | 0.505 | 0.107 | 0.100 | 0.105 | 26031.549 | 26322.488 |
M5c. Two-factor (affective empathy: EC+PD; cognitive empathy: PT+FS) bifactor model | 780.843 | 187 | 4.176 | 0.762 | 0.706 | 0.081 | 0.077 | 0.083 | 25538.806 | 25915.316 |
M6a. Two-factor (affective empathy: EC+PD; cognitive empathy: PT) model | 666.163 | 103 | 6.468 | 0.651 | 0.594 | 0.110 | 0.101 | 0.109 | 18260.189 | 18469.837 |
M6b. Two-factor (affective empathy: EC+PD; cognitive empathy: PT) high-order model | 666.163 | 102 | 6.531 | 0.650 | 0.589 | 0.110 | 0.102 | 0.109 | 18262.189 | 18476.115 |
M6c. Two-factor (affective empathy: EC+PD; cognitive empathy: PT) bifactor model | 193.021 | 88 | 2.193 | 0.935 | 0.911 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.056 | 17817.048 | 18090.873 |
PT, perspective taking; EC, empathic concern; FS, fantasy, PD, personal distress; boldface font indicates that the fit index reaches the empirical critical value. All of the model’s χ2 estimates are significant.