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. 2020 Jun 3;8:549. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00549

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Copyright © 2020 Movia, Bruni-Favier and Prina-Mello.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in markers of cellular- and tissue-specific KEs following a single-dose aerosol (N) exposure to benchmark substances. Cell cultures were exposed to liquid aerosols by means of a Vitrocell Cloud ALI system equipped with an Aeroneb® Pro nebulizer. Cellular-specific KEs included percentage (%) cytotoxicity, cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2, CXCL1/Groα, CXCL2/Groβ) secretion. Tissue-specific KEs included epithelial barrier impairment, quantified as changes in TEER. Data are presented as mean and normalized to untreated cultures. (A) SmallAir-HF™ (left) and MucilAir-HF™ (right) models were exposed to benchmarks for 72 h. (B) MucilAir-HF™ models were exposed to benchmarks up to 60 days. (A,B) Symbols (*), (**), and (***) indicate p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively (two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post-test; comparison to the untreated controls).