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. 2020 Jun 3;8:549. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00549

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Copyright © 2020 Movia, Bruni-Favier and Prina-Mello.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in markers of cellular- and tissue-specific KEs in SmallAir-HF™ (left) and MucilAir-HF™ (right) models following a single-dose exposure by aerosol (N) or by direct inoculation (I). Cellular-specific KE included percentage (%) cytotoxicity, cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2, CXCL1/Groα, CXCL2/Groβ) secretion. Tissue-specific KE included epithelial barrier impairment, quantified as changes in TEER. Data are presented as mean and normalized to untreated cultures. Symbols (*), (**), and (***) indicate p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively (two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post-test; comparison to the untreated controls).