Table 1.

Basic optoelectronic properties of 2D materials and their corresponding applications

Material	Optoelectronic properties	Applications
Graphene	Operating wavelength: ultraviolet to radiowaves. 2.3% of the vertically incident light absorption. Tunable bandgaps.	Broadband ultrafast lasers.[ 7 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] Light emitters.[ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ]
	Strong third order nonlinearity.	THG,[ 102 ] HHG,[ 107 ] FWM,[ 102 ] Optical frequency comb.[ 9 ]
	Bandgap:0 eV. Ultrafast carrier relaxation time. The strong light–material interaction.	Broadband modulators and photodetectors.[ 112 , 113 , 114 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ]
	High carrier mobility and high conductivity.	Plasmonic generators.[ 8 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 155 , 156 ]
	Strong molecular adsorption capacity and light response enhancement.	Gas and biochemical sensors.[ 167 , 171 , 174 , 179 , 180 , 181 ]
TMDs	Operating wavelength: visible light. The absorption of vertically incident light is up to 20%. Tunable bandgaps.	Visible to NIR ultrafast lasers.[ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ] Light emitters.[ 87 ]
	Strong second and third‐order nonlinearity related to the number of layers.	SHG,[ 100 , 101 ] THG,[ 103 ] HHG,[ 108 ] FWM.[ 104 ]
	Bandgap: 1–2.5 eV. Large carrier mobility, high‐current ON/OFF ratio and strong photoluminescence.	Visible to NIR photodetectors.[ 137 , 138 , 139 ]
	Strong fluorescence quenching ability and good recognition ability of biomolecules.	Label free detection. Gas and biochemical sensors.[ 168 , 172 , 175 , 182 , 183 , 184 ]
BP	Operating wavelength: visible light to mid infrared. Strong light–material interaction. Tunable bandgaps.	Visible to MIR ultrafast lasers.[ 71 , 72 , 73 ] Light emitters.[ 88 , 89 , 90 ]
	Strong third order nonlinearity.	THG,[ 105 ] HHG,[ 109 ] FWM.[ 27 ]
	Bandgap:0.3–2 eV. Strong field‐effect tuning.	NIR modulators and photodetectors.[ 111 , 127 , 128 , 140 , 141 , 142 ]
	Strong in‐plane anisotropy.	Anisotropic plasma.[ 159 ]
	Sensitive to the surrounding atmosphere.	Gas sensors.[ 169 , 173 , 176 , 186 ]
MXenes	Operating wavelength: ultraviolet to radiowaves. Optical transmission ≈1% nm−1. Tunable bandgaps.	Ultrafast lasers.[ 40 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ] Light emitters.[ 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ]
	Broadband and strong third‐order nonlinearity. Efficient photon–phonon conversion.	FWM[ 106 ]
	High conductivity. Tunable workfunction. Bandgap: 0–2 eV.	Modulators.[ 40 , 41 , 129 , 130 ]
	Large mechanical moduli. 100% spin purity half‐metallic.	Plasmonic generators.[ 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 ]
	Easy surface decoration.	Sensors[ 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 ]