Table 2.
Toxic effects of drugs used for the COVID-19 disease treatment on selected models and biomarkers.
| Compound | Organism | Species | Endpoint (exposure time) | EC50 (ppm) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tocilizumab | Alga | Desmodesmus subspicatus | Growth rate inhibition (72 h) | >100 | Roche safety data sheet (2018) |
| Alga | Desmodesmus subspicatus | Biomass inhibition (72 h) | >100 | ||
| Crustacean | Daphnia magna | Immobility (48 h) | >100 | ||
| Fish | Danio rerio | Embryotoxicity (96 h) | >100 | ||
| Chloroquine | Bacteria | Aliivibrio fischeri | Bioluminescence Inhibition (24 h) | 132.1 | Zurita et al. (2005) |
| Alga | Chlorella vulgaris | Growth Inhibition (24 h) | 133.3 | ||
| Crustacean | Daphnia magna | Immobility (24 h) | 21.5 | ||
| Topminnow | PLHC-1 cell line | Protein content (24 h) | 158.3 | ||
| Basket willow | Salix viminalis | Relative transpiration (NRT) (117 h) (pH from 6 to 8) | 7–28 | Rendal et al. (2011) | |
| Crustacean | Daphnia magna | Immobility (48 h) (pH from 7 to 9) | 4–30 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | Alga | Raphidocelis subcapitata | Growth rate (72 h) | 3.1 | FASS safety data sheet (2019) |
| Crustacean | Daphnia magna | Immobility (48 h) | 14 |