Table 1.
Participant characteristics by CES-D Score
| CES-D score category | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–15 n (%) | 16–22 n (%) | ≥723 n (%) | P value | |
| Sample size | 1890 | 571 | 492 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Female | 783 (41.5) | 340 (59.5) | 373 (76.0) | <0.001 |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 54.7 ± 12.3 | 56.0 ± 13.1 | 56.5 ± 12.1 | <0.01 |
| Current daily smoker | 78 (4.1) | 11 (1.9) | 8(1.6) | <0.01 |
| Hazardous drinking | 283 (15.0) | 75 (13.1) | 53 (10.8) | <0.01 |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||
| None to some grade schooling | 757 (40.0) | 291 (51.0) | 275 (56.0) | |
| Completed grade school | 669 (35.4) | 179 (31.4) | 146 (29.7) | |
| Completed high school or higher | 464 (24.6) | 100 (17.5) | 70 (14.2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (<25) | 486 (25.7) | 182 (31.9) | 165 (33.5) | |
| Overweight (25–29) | 887 (46.9) | 235 (41.4) | 189 (38.4) | |
| Obese (≥730) | 517 (27.4) | 154 (27.0) | 138 (28.0) | |
| Wealth index | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 475 (25.1) | 197 (34.5) | 230 (46.7) | |
| Medium | 669 (35.4) | 200 (35.0) | 149 (30.3) | |
| High | 746 (39.5) | 174 (30.5) | 113 (23.0) | |
| Site | <0.001 | |||
| Lima | 596 (31.5) | 225 (39.4) | 177 (36.0) | |
| Urban Puno | 299 (15.8) | 99 (17.3) | 105 (21.3) | |
| Rural Puno | 214 (11.3) | 136 (23.8) | 156 (31.7) | |
| Tumbes | 781 (41.3) | 111 (19.4) | 54(11.0) | |
| CRD | <0.001 | |||
| Any CRD | 203 (10.7) | 85 (14.9) | 85 (17.3) | |
| Asthma | 32 (1.7) | 11 (1.9) | 20 (4.1) | <0.01 |
| COPD | 102 (5.4) | 37 (6.5) | 38 (7.7) | 0.13 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 88 (4.7) | 47 (8.2) | 40 (8.1) | <0.001 |
CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; CRD = chronic respiratory disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.