Table 3.
Characteristics of phase II participant demographics and outcomes at baseline.
| Variable | Total | Group | P value | |||
|
|
|
Control | Intervention |
|
||
| Demographics | ||||||
|
|
Age (years), mean (SD)a | 62.9 (10.3) | 63.2 (9.8) | 62.5 (10.8) | .49 | |
|
|
Gender (female), n (%)b | 88 (38.4) | 49 (43.8) | 39 (33.3) | .11 | |
|
|
Race, n (%)c |
|
|
|
.70 | |
|
|
|
American Indian | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) |
|
|
|
|
Asian | 17 (7.4) | 8 (7.1) | 9 (7.7) |
|
|
|
|
Black | 33 (14.4) | 14 (12.5) | 19 (16.2) |
|
|
|
|
Native Hawaiian | 16 (7.0) | 7 (6.3) | 9 (7.7) |
|
|
|
|
Unknown/unreported | 18 (7.9) | 8 (7.1) | 10 (8.5) |
|
|
|
|
White | 143 (62.4) | 75 (67.0) | 68 (58.1) |
|
|
|
|
Hispanic, n (%)b | 24 (10.5) | 10 (8.9) | 14 (12.0) | .45 |
|
|
Education, n (%)d |
|
|
|
.22 | |
|
|
|
Less than high school | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.0) |
|
|
|
|
High school graduate | 27 (11.8) | 15 (13.4) | 12 (10.3) |
|
|
|
|
Some college, no degree | 74 (32.3) | 35 (31.3) | 39 (33.3) |
|
|
|
|
Associate’s degree | 41 (17.9) | 24 (21.4) | 17 (14.5) |
|
|
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | 46 (20.1) | 20 (17.9) | 26 (22.2) |
|
|
|
|
Master’s degree | 36 (15.7) | 16 (14.3) | 20 (17.1) |
|
|
|
|
Professional degree | 4 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) |
|
|
|
Weight (lbs), mean (SD)a | 210 (47.1) | 209 (50.1) | 211 (44.2) | .50 | |
|
|
Height (inches), mean (SD)a | 67.1 (4.0) | 67.0 (3.8) | 67.2 (4.2) | .44 | |
|
|
Duration of type 2 diabetes (years), mean (SD)a | 9.8 (7.5) | 10.0 (7.6) | 9.6 (7.4) | .69 | |
|
|
Current smoker, n (%)b | 15 (6.6) | 8 (7.1) | 7 (6.0) | .72 | |
|
|
Hospitalization, n (%)b | 34 (14.8) | 21 (18.8) | 13 (11.1) | .10 | |
|
|
Emergency room visit, n (%)b | 87 (38.0) | 45 (40.2) | 42 (35.9) | .50 | |
|
|
Surgeries, n (%)b | 31 (13.5) | 14 (12.5) | 17 (14.5) | .65 | |
|
|
Work status, n (%)c |
|
|
|
.02 | |
|
|
|
Unemployed | 136 (59.4) | 77 (68.8) | 59 (50.4) |
|
|
|
|
Part-time | 24 (10.5) | 8 (7.1) | 16 (13.7) |
|
|
|
|
Full-time | 69 (30.1) | 27 (24.1) | 42 (35.9) |
|
|
|
Family history of cancer, n (%)b | 137 (59.8) | 72 (64.3) | 65 (55.6) | .18 | |
|
|
Family history of heart disease, n (%)b | 132 (57.6) | 64 (57.1) | 68 (58.1) | .88 | |
|
|
Family history of high Blood pressure, n (%)b | 164 (71.6) | 78 (69.6) | 86 (73.5) | .52 | |
|
|
Family history of high cholesterol, n (%)b | 111 (48.5) | 55 (49.1) | 56 (47.9) | .85 | |
|
|
Site=Madigan, n (%)b | 113 (49.3) | 51 (45.5) | 62 (53.0) | .26 | |
|
|
PAMe, n (%)d |
|
|
|
.13 | |
|
|
|
Level 1 | 23 (10.0) | 14 (12.5) | 9 (7.7) |
|
|
|
|
Level 2 | 34 (14.8) | 19 (17.0) | 15 (12.8) |
|
|
|
|
Level 3 | 118 (51.5) | 55 (49.1) | 63 (53.8) |
|
|
|
|
Level 4 | 54 (23.6) | 24 (21.4) | 30 (25.6) |
|
| Outcomes | ||||||
|
|
PAM, mean (SD)a | 63.2 (12.8) | 62.8 (13.5) | 63.6 (12.2) | .56 | |
|
|
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities score, mean (SD)a | 37.5 (14.0) | 38.0 (14.3) | 37.1 (13.8) | .58 | |
|
|
Glycated hemoglobin, mean (SD)a | 7.5 (1.4) | 7.6 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.3) | .95 | |
|
|
BMI, mean (SD)a | 32.7 (6.2) | 32.6 (6.8) | 32.8 (5.7) | .77 | |
|
|
Waist (inches), mean (SD)a | 44.1 (5.9) | 43.9 (6.4) | 44.2 (5.4) | .63 | |
|
|
Diastolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD)a | 79.5 (9.6) | 80.7 (9.4) | 78.4 (9.7) | .09 | |
|
|
Systolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD)a | 133 (17.6) | 134 (17.9) | 131 (17.3) | .25 | |
|
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)a | 45.2 (13.6) | 46.6 (15.4) | 43.8 (11.3) | .47 | |
|
|
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)a | 88.9 (38.6) | 97.1 (39.1) | 80.9 (36.5) | .001 | |
aContinuous variables compared using Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test.
bBinary variables compared using chi-square test.
cNominal variables compared using Fisher exact test.
dOrdinal variables compared using Cochran-Armitage trend test.
ePAM: Patient Activation Measure.