Table 1.
Type of Skin Disorder | Type of Hydrogel | Agent | Animal Model/Cell Line/Microorganism | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acne | adhesive hydrogel patches | Triclosan (TS) | in vitro: - female hairless mice skin (type SKH) |
- antimicrobial effect of TS containing patches against P. acnes in the 0.01–0.3 wt.% concentration range in vitro - a significant increase in the amount of TS transported in hairless mouse skins |
[38] |
Acne vulgaris | clindamycin/tretinoin hydrogel | combination of clindamycin (1%) and tretinoin (0.025%) | clinical study: -randomized, double-blind multicenter clinical studies on male and female subjects |
- greater reduction in the number of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions in the combined group compared to the other three treatment groups - significantly shorter response time (time to 50% reduction in the total lesion counts) - good tolerance of the fixed combination of clindamycin and tretinoin - significantly greater improvements in acne vulgaris |
[61] |
Acne vularis (facial) |
liposomal methylene blue hydrogel | methylene blue | in vitro: - mice skin clinical study: - randomized, controlled and investigator blinded study on 13 patients |
- significant reduction in the number of inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions - moderate to significant improvement in acne in treated areas - no serious side effects - no edema - only slight temporary discoloration in three patients - selective delivery of BM(methylene blue) to sebaceous glands |
[62] |
Acne vulgaris (truncal) |
liposomal methylene blue hydrogel | methylene blue | clinical study: - randomized and comparative study on 35 patients (21 males and 14 females) with varying degrees of acne vulgaris on the back |
- significant reduction in the number of total, inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions - some side effects such as pain, staining, pruritus, stinging, and flaking - greater efficiency LMB(Liposomal methylene blue)-intense pulsed light (IPL) than IPL alone |
[70] |
Acne vulgaris (facial) |
carboxymethylcellulose-based hydrogel | resveratrol | clinical study: single-blind study on 20 patients (12 men and 8 women) |
- reduction in the average area of microcomedones - decrease in inflammation and pustular lesions - no adverse effects - visible clinical improvement on the resveratrol-treated side of the face |
[71] |
Mycosis | hydroalcoholic hydrogel | luliconazole | in vitro: - Candida albicans (MTCC No. 183) ex vivo: - dorsal male albino Wistar rat skin |
- enhancement in solubility - high skin retention - antifungal activity - increased dermal delivery |
[80] |
Mycosis | microemulsion-based hydrogel | bifonazole | in vitro: - Candida albicans ex vivo: - dorsal rat skin in vivo: - rabbits |
- good stability of hydrogel over the period of three months - antifungal activity - sustained release of bifonazole - permeability enhancement of drug - improvement of solubility |
[88] |
Mycosis | dextran-based hydrogel (amphogel) | amphotericin B | in vitro: - Candida albicans in vivo: - male SV129 mice |
- quick killing of fungi - no survival of fungi with amphogels - in vivo hydrogel biocompatibility - prevention of fungal infection - mitigation fungal biofilm formation |
[89] |
Mycosis | dextran-aldehyde hydrogel | amphotericin B | in vitro: - Candida albicansSC5314 in vivo: - SV129 mice |
- effectiveness in killing fungi on contact - long-lasting antifungal activity - biocompatibility |
[91] |
Mycosis | bolalipid hydrogel | methylene blue | in vitro: - Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
- sustained drug release - antifungal activity - excellent biocompatibility - high solidification capacity under body temperature conditions |
[92] |
Psoriasis | supramolecular bis-imidazolium based amphiphile hydrogels | - gemcitabine hydrochloride - methotrexate sodium salt, - tacrolimus, - betamethasone 17-valerate - triamcinolone acetonide |
ex vivo: - human excised skin in vivo: - male Swiss CD-1 mice with induced inflammation and hyperplasia |
- suitable viscoelastic properties of the obtained hydrogel for topical drug delivery - significant influence of contained drugs on gel morphology at the microscopic level - protection of the drug by the hydrogel against degradation, - induction of exponential drug release - promotion of the drug penetration and retention in the skin - greater reduction of hyperplasia and macroscopic tissue damage in vivo compared to drug solutions |
[103] |
Psoriasis | carbomer hydrogel bearing nanostructured lipid carriers | methotrexate | in vitro: - Wistar stain albino rat skin in vivo: - rabbits |
- effective incorporation of the drug into nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) hydrogel structures - reduction of drug release during storage - significant reduction in skin irritation in rabbits |
[112] |
Psoriasis | hydrogel transformed from microemulsion using Carbopol 934 | - betamethasone dipropionate - salicylic acid |
in vitro: - rat abdominal skin in vivo: - Wistar rats |
- sustained and good anti-inflammatory activity - good stability, powerful permeation ability. and suitable viscosity of hydrogel - sustained drug release for the desired period of time - reduced dosing frequency |
[113] |
Psoriasis | nanostructured lipid carrier based topical hydrogel | - mometasone furoate | in vitro: - cellulose membrane ex vivo: - Wistar rats’ abdominal skin in vivo: - BALB/c female mice |
- sustained release of mometasone furoate - negligible skin irritation - marked reduction in psoriatic lesions - lesser skin blackening - significant reduction of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperplasia |
[114] |
Psoriasis | hydrogel patch | - | clinical study: - men and women with plaque-type psoriasislesions |
- intrinsic adhesion of the hydrogel - cooling and soothing properties - itching relief - safety and ease of use - no serious adverse events |
[115] |
Psoriasis | hydrogel micropatch | - | clinical study: - 100 psoriatic patients (75 men and 25 women) and 100 healthy volunteers |
- the ability to analyze skin excretions using the hydrogel micropatch sampling approach combined with mass spectrometry - the possibility of using hydrogels as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for skin diseases - the ability to detect various skin biomarkers specific for psoriasis through the use of hydrogel micropatch |
[116] |