Table 1.
Examples of therapeutic proteins delivered by silica-based nanocarriers.
| Protein | Carrier Type | Protein Location | Loading Strategy | Cell Line(s) | In Vivo | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticancer proteins [52,53] | ||||||
| Cytochrome C | MSNs | Mesopores | Pore filling | HeLa | None | [54,55] |
| MSNs | Surface | Adsorption | None | None | [56] | |
| MSNs | Surface | Grafting | HeLa | None | [57] | |
| MSNs | Mesopores | Pore filling | SKOV3 | None | [58] | |
| Concanavalin A | MSNs | Surface | Grafting | MC3T3-E1, HOS | None | [59] |
| Immunostimulating proteins and vaccines | ||||||
| IgG | HMSNs | Particle cavity | Cavity loading | HeLa | None | [60] |
| OVA | HMSNs | Mesopores | Pore filling | NIH3T3 | Mice | [61,62] |
| OVA | DMOHS | Mesopores | Pore filling | None | Mice | [63] |
| CpG@OVA | MSNs | Mesopores | Pore filling | RAW264.7 | Mice | [64] |
| CpG@OVA GM-CSF |
MSNs@ MSRs |
Mesopores Mesopores |
Pore filling | None | Mice | [65] |
| Cyt c, IgG, Anti-pAkt | RSNs | Interparticles | In-pocket packing | None | None | [66] |
| IL-2 | HMSNs | Particle cavity | Cavity loading | L929 | Mice | [67] |
| ORF2 | HMSNs | Surface | Adsorption | PK15 | Mice | [68] |
| SWAP | MSNs | Surface | Adsorption | None | Mice | [69] |
| HSP700 | MSNs | Surface | Adsorption | None | Mice | [70] |
| EspA | MSNs | Surface | Adsorption | None | Mice | [71] |
| rPb27 | MSNs | Surface | Adsorption | HEK-293 | Mice | [72] |
| Enzymes | ||||||
| CA | MSNs | Mesopores | In-pore grafting | HeLa | None | [73] |
| CA or HPR | MSNs | Mesopores | In-pore grafting | None | None | [74] |
| β-Galactosidase | MSNs | Mesopores | Adsorption | N2a | None | [75] |
| SOD | MSNs | Surface | Grafting | HeLa | None | [76] |
| SOD or GPx | MSNs | Surface | Grafting | HeLa | None | [77] |
| Proteasomes | MSNs | Surface | Grafting | HEK-293, HeLa | None | [78] |
| Growth factors | ||||||
| bFGF | MSNs | Mesopores | Microemulsion | HUVEC | None | [79] |
| BMP-2 | MSNs | Surface | Adsorption | bMSCs | Mice | [80] |
| MSN@SPION | Mesopores | Pore filling | bMSCs | None | [81] | |
| Antibacterial proteins | ||||||
| Lysozyme | MSNs | Surface | Grafting | Escherichia coli | Mice | [82] |
| MSNs | Pores | Adsorption | E. coli | None | [83] | |
| HMSNs | Surface | Adsorption | E. coli | Mice | [84] | |
| HMSNs | Particle cavity | Cavity loading | E. coli | None | [85] | |
| Concanavalin A | MSNs | Surface | Grafting | E. coli | None | [86] |
Abbreviations: bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein 2; bMSCs: murine bone mesenchymal stem cells; CA: carbonic anhydrase; CpG@OVA: ovalbumin-loaded cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotide; DMOHS: dendritic mesoporous organosilica hollow spheres; EspA: an immunogenic protein from enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli; GM-CSF: murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; HMSNs: hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL-2: interleukin-2; ORF2: open reading frame from porcine circovirus type 2; OVA: chicken ovalbumin; RSNs: rough (non-porous and core–shell) silica nanoparticles; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SPIONs: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.