Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of patients in the study group.
| All N = 89 |
Day 7 | At Discharge | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Dysphagia N = 78 |
With Dysphagia N = 11 |
p-Value | Without Dysphagia N = 77 |
With Dysphagia N = 12 |
p-Value | ||
| Age, years | 85.9 ± 6.5 | 85.4 ± 6.6 | 88.9 ± 5.5 | 0.099 | 85.5 ± 6.6 | 88.3 ± 5.6 | 0.160 |
| Fracture type, n (%) | |||||||
| Trochanteric | 39 (43.8) | 36 (46.2) | 3 (27.2) | 0.335 | 35 (45.4) | 4 (33.3) | 0.539 |
| Neck | 50 (56.2) | 42 (53.8) | 8 (72.7) | 42 (54.4) | 8 (66.7) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 19.6 ± 3.1 | 19.7 ± 3.2 | 18.7 ± 2.5 | 0.334 | 19.8 ± 3.1 | 18.0 ± 3.2 | 0.056 |
| SMI, kg/m2 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 0.003 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
| Hand-grip strength, kg | 13.2 ± 5.3 | 14.1 ± 4.9 | 7.5 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | 14.2 ± 4.8 | 6.9 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Sarcopenia at baseline n (%) | 68 (76.4) | 57 (73.1) | 11 (100.0) | 0.060 | 56 (72.7) | 12 (100.0) | 0.062 |
| Low SMI at baseline, n (%) | 71 (79.8) | 60 (76.9) | 11 (100.0) | 0.064 | 59 (76.6) | 12 (100.0) | 0.061 |
| Low hand-grip strength at baseline, n (%) | 74 (83.1) | 63 (81.0) | 11 (100.0) | 0.199 | 62 (80.5) | 12 (100.0) | 0.206 |
| FOIS at baseline, n (%) | |||||||
| Level 6 | 12 (13.5) | 6 (7.7) | 5 (45.5) | 0.004 | 6 (7.8) | 5 (41.7) | 0.006 |
| Level 7 | 77 (86.5) | 72 (92.3) | 6 (54.5) | 71 (92.2) | 7 (58.3) | ||
| GNRI, points | 91.0 ± 8.9 | 91.6 ± 8.8 | 86.0 ± 8.3 | 0.049 | 91.8 ± 8.7 | 84.9 ± 7.7 | 0.011 |
| Nutritional-related risk | |||||||
| Low (GNRI: 92 to ≤98), n (%) |
18 (20.2) | 17 (21.8) | 1 (9.1) | 0.507 | 18 (23.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.069 |
| Moderate (GNRI: 82 to <92), n (%) |
36 (40.4) | 31 (39.7) | 5 (45.4) | 30 (39.0) | 6 (50.0) | ||
| Major (GNRI: <82), n (%) |
13 (14.6) | 10 (12.7) | 3 (27.3) | 9 (11.7) | 4 (33.3) | ||
| ASA physical status classification, n (%) | |||||||
| Class 1 | 13 (14.6) | 12 (15.4) | 1 (9.1) | 0.550 | 12 (15.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0.473 |
| Class 2 | 12 (15.5) | 12 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (15.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Class 3 | 62 (69.7) | 52 (66.7) | 10 (90.9) | 51 (66.2) | 11 (91.7) | ||
| Class 4 | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Class 5 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Physical Dependency Scale before injury, n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 30 (33.7) | 30 (38.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.003 | 30 (39.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.002 |
| 1 | 27 (31.1) | 24 (30.8) | 3 (27.3) | 24 (24.7) | 3 (25.0) | ||
| 2 | 22 (24.7) | 18 (23.1) | 4 (36.4) | 17 (22.1) | 5 (41.7) | ||
| 3 | 10 (11.1) | 6 (7.7) | 4 (36.4) | 6 (7.8) | 4 (33.3) | ||
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| FIM score, points * | |||||||
| Total FIM | 42 (29, 55) | 43 (31, 56) | 26 (23, 39) | 0.007 | 44 (32, 57) | 25 (23, 37) | 0.002 |
| Motor FIM | 22 (17, 27) | 23 (18, 27) | 18 (14, 20) | 0.019 | 23 (18, 27) | 19 (15, 21) | 0.002 |
| Cognitive FIM | 19 (11, 31) | 20 (12,32) | 9 (9,18) | 0.016 | 21 (12, 32) | 9 (8, 18) | 0.002 |
| The number of medications | 5.1 ± 3.5 | 5.1 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | 0.787 | 5.2 ± 3.6 | 4.7 ± 3.0 | 0.658 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; FOIS, Food Oral Intake Scale; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; ASA, the American Society of Anesthesiologists; FIM, Functional Independence Measure.* 5 data missing.