Figure 2.

Components of vitamin D synthesis in female reproductive tissues and cells of the immune system. (A) Vitamin D exerts immunomodulatory effects with impact on reproductive tissues from the periconception period throughout pregnancy. (B) Components of the vitamin D metabolic system are expressed in female reproductive tissues, including ovary, decidua, endometrium and placenta and multiple immune cells. Proposed immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D include the improvement of immune balance, tolerance and maintenance of pregnancy trough effects on B cells, T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. +; expression known, n.a.; not available.