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Changes in mRNA levels of genes related to insulin signaling in trophoblasts exposed to control and GDM conditions. Primary human trophoblasts were cultured in standard conditions or medium containing 25-mmol/L glucose and 10−7-mol/L insulin for 72 h, and real-time PCR was used to assess gene expression. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. control.
