Table 1.
Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics by residential areas.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 2065) | Rural Area (n = 655) | Urban Area (n = 629) | Metropolitan Area (n = 781) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Men | 980 (49.6) | 301 (48.0) | 293 (48.1) | 386 (51.8) | 0.386 |
| Women | 1085 (50.4) | 354 (52.0) | 336 (51.9) | 395 (48.2) | ||
| Age | 65–74 | 1230 (61.1) | 349 (53.3) | 372 (59.7) | 509 (66.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 835 (38.9) | 306 (46.7) | 257 (40.3) | 272 (33.1) | ||
| Marital status | Living alone | 689 (32.5) | 212 (32.7) | 217 (33.1) | 260 (32.0) | 0.921 |
| Living together | 1375 (67.5) | 442 (67.3) | 412 (66.9) | 521 (68.0) | ||
| Education | ≤Elementary school | 1155 (61.1) | 417 (72.0) | 353 (62.0) | 385 (53.9) | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 248 (13.2) | 70 (11.7) | 68 (11.8) | 110 (15.0) | ||
| High school | 270 (15.5) | 62 (12.2) | 94 (16.4) | 114 (16.8) | ||
| ≥College | 171 (10.2) | 20 (4.1) | 57 (9.8) | 94 (14.3) | ||
| Income | Low (quartile 1) | 552 (27.2) | 234 (37.1) | 139 (23.0) | 179 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Low-medium (quartile 2) | 525 (24.4) | 182 (28.7) | 155 (23.3) | 188 (22.4) | ||
| High-medium (quartile 3) | 485 (22.3) | 128 (18.1) | 166 (25.7) | 191 (22.5) | ||
| High (quartile 4) | 487 (26.1) | 106(16.1) | 166 (28.0) | 215 (31.0) | ||
| Muscular exercise | <2 per week | 1541 (82.5) | 520 (90.8) | 472 (82.5) | 549 (77.3) | <0.001 |
| ≥2 days per week | 305 (17.5) | 52 (9.2) | 99 (17.5) | 154 (22.7) | ||
| Smoking status | Current smoking | 191 (11.3) | 49 (9.1) | 68 (12.7) | 74 (11.5) | 0.318 |
| Past/non smoking | 1719 (88.7) | 547 (90.9) | 515 (87.3) | 657(88.5) | ||
| High-risk drinking | No | 1833 (95.7) | 575 (96.4) | 567 (96.8) | 691 (94.4) | 0.146 |
| Yes | 81 (4.3) | 22 (3.6) | 18 (3.2) | 41 (5.6) | ||
| Hypertension | No | 958 (49.7) | 312 (51.1) | 280 (46.6) | 366 (51.1) | 0.012 |
| Yes | 956 (50.3) | 286 (48.9) | 310 (53.4) | 360 (48.9) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | No | 1636 (85.1) | 525 (87.8) | 493 (82.3) | 618 (85.4) | 0.113 |
| Yes | 276 (14.9) | 72 (12.2) | 96 (17.7) | 108 (14.6) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | No | 1496 (77.6) | 504 (82.5) | 463 (78.6) | 529 (73.8) | 0.492 |
| Yes | 418 (22.4) | 94 (17.5) | 127 (21.4) | 197 (26.2) | ||
| Arthritis | No | 1386 (75.1) | 432 (72.9) | 427 (75.6) | 527 (76.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 482 (24.9) | 151 (27.1) | 149 (24.4) | 182 (24.0) | ||
| Body Mass Index (m2/kg), mean ± SD | 23.7 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.2 | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 23.7 ± 0.1 | 0.142 | |
Values are presented as numbers (%). p values were determined by chi-square test and complex sample general linear model (CSGLM).